Continuous System For Converting Waste Plastics Into Crude Oil 139
rtoz writes: A MIT spinout company aims to end the landfilling of plastic with a cost-effective system that breaks down nonrecycled plastics into oil, while reusing some of the gas it produces to operate. To convert the plastics into oil, this new system first shreds them. The shreds are then entered into a reactor — which runs at about 400 degrees Celsius — where a catalyst helps degrade the plastics' long carbon chains. This produces a vapor that runs through a condenser, where it's made into oil. Much of the system's innovation is in its continuous operation (video). This company aims to produce more refined fuel that recyclers can immediately pump back into their recycling trucks, without the need for oil refineries. Currently, 2 trillion tons of plastic waste is sitting in U.S. landfills, so there is a huge demand for this technology.
Equilibrium, we must need! (Score:2, Insightful)
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I suspect that it's easier to just make it into oil, even the techically 'recyclable' plastics, due to contamination with dyes and other such things: I suspect making clear or lighter-colored plastics from recycled stuff is hard if not impossible, though dark colors may be easy enough to work with.
On the other hand, it's probably going to be easier(in terms of cost, energy etc) to just make oil out of all of it which goes into reducing fuel consumption, and use that oil for making new plastic.
Or this (Score:2)
Or this work:
http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10... [aiaa.org]
Green Aerospace Fuels from Non-Petroleum Sources (2011)
http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10... [aiaa.org]
"Aerospace Fuels from Non-Petroleum Sources" (2013)
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Install on floatation device, Pacific Ocean garbage patch, lather, rinse, repeat.
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You would never go hungry.
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More importantly is that only A or B will likely be the best use, not both. Comparative advantage.
Even if the oil production could be enough for both use? I believe that we have a lot of plastic waste worldwide. And if this process could be so good and product a lot in less time, less money etc, maybe we could re-enter this final product in both ways: (A) fuel for machines AND (b) the plastic industry. Or economically speaking, even in this case scenario it will be better following ONLY A or B?
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They have been doing this in South American countries for years. Venezuela and Brazil. And its more of a gasoline that comes out and not oil. The Oil companies most likely have been suppressing this info here for years as well.
Do you have some link to share with us about this process made in Brazil and Venezuela? I't would be interesting to learn more about it.
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If all councils had a small plant in their area to convert the plastics, they could use the oil to run their vehicles and save money until such time all plastics are biodegradable and electric vehicles are the norm.
Ocean garbage patches? (Score:4, Interesting)
Why even bother with the landfills? There are massive garbage patches floating around in the oceans, the vast majority of which are plastics. If you can get a big enough tanker and implement this system on it, you could probably cut the amount of fuel needed even further - the tanker goes into a garbage patch, melts all the plastic down, keeps the oil, and uses some of it to get back to land. It would probably be more effective than loading fleets of trucks.
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This. With modern simple filtering systems, you should be able to filter even the tiny particles out of the water and turn them into oil.
However, we really need to do both: One set of these devices for breaking down plastic that would otherwise be landfilled(and help pay for garbage collection in the process), and one for ocean recovery.
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The problem is that you also end up filtering out all the other life out of the ocean; amoeba, plankton, larvae stages of fish and crustaceans, which sortof defeats the purpose of trying to filter out the plastic in the first place.
That's the hard part - finding something that will remove the plastic but not the DNA lifeforms.
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The OP was talking about specific areas of the ocean where plastic accumulates due to currents, not the entire ocean itself.
Further, you start with the big stuff and all those critters would fall through the mesh. You could still have a person or two check what comes up and toss the wiggling stuff back into the water, but the amount of life that would be impacted is essentially zero compared to the amount of life which is currently being affected by these islands of plastic or ingestion of all those micro
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We seem fine filtering out the sea life with our fishing nets. The smaller stuff is actually more robust and quicker to regenerate than the bigger fish stocks we are depleting. Atleast in this case we are doing something constructive over all. So what if a little algae and plankton get sucked up too. It's not like they are an endangered species.
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Which, if you've never heard of it, is a place in the Atlantic where a bunch of ocean currents sort of cancel each other out...
I've not heard of one there but I understand that there is a huge one in the Pacific.
Now if it became worth money can we expect various countries round there to be rubbleized to make them free to give away all their resources?
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Which, if you've never heard of it, is a place in the Atlantic where a bunch of ocean currents sort of cancel each other out...
I've not heard of one there but I understand that there is a huge one in the Pacific.
The Atlantic one is known as "New Jersey."
Re:Ocean garbage patches? (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Ocean garbage patches? (Score:5, Interesting)
Plus, you'd scoop up a lot more oceanic plant and animal life trying to extract that plastic material.
Actually, the critters might be a better fuel source than the plastics...
=Smidge=
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Re:Ocean garbage patches? (Score:5, Insightful)
100 mm^3 of plastic per m^3 of water doesn't sound much like a garbage patch to me...
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It isn't...
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Citation please?
This Wikipedia page [wikipedia.org] has some data. Even at the center of they gyre, there are only a few pieces of confetti sized plastic per square meter. If you were on a boat passing through the patch, you would notice nothing but apparently clean water. There is not nearly enough plastic out there to make collection economically feasible.
Re:Ocean garbage patches? (Score:4, Interesting)
Expanding on that, the US Navy (and I'm sure other nation's ship fleets) have excellent nuclear reactors. Even with current technology, thermal depolymerization wouldn't be that hard to do, especially near the Pacific Gyre with the large amount of floating waste available there. Then said ship either stays put, transferring the recovered crude to another vessel, or returns to harbor with useful resources.
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The reactor referred to in the article is a chemical reactor, not a nuclear reactor.
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Yes, we know : ) . The idea is to supply the chemical reactor with heat from the ship's nuclear reactor.
Plastic burns (Score:2)
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Rapier wit!
Though, i think he was saying that due to the nuclear reactor on board the ship, they could stay at sea basically indefinitely (or until their crew runs out of food), and also that the nuclear reactor would provide the heat needed for the plastics conversion.
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Shorter range electric vehicles would be a viable short term solution. They do have the ability to generate an excess of "free" power.
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Quite! Nuckler Energy is BAD OK.
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The garbage patches aren't really big piles of plastic. They're areas above some theshold of plastic to water but still vastly more water than plastic. You'd have to develop something to suck in water and filter out the plastic before you could even start on converting it.
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A net?
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"A net?"
Yep, a Nautical Environment Transformer.
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More like a combination between a queen excluder and an inclined plane, so the dolphins would be rejected out an alternate chute. It didn't matter if some oil and/or water went, too, because it would just get sucked back in.
Intake was a suck-start trap siphon, a big round opening that was above sea level at the top but dipped down like a J trap, then came up and over and down. Water was pumped in above the down flow, which had open exit to air, but would be blocked by mass of water: the moving water cr
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Pumps and sieves may be easier than digging in landfill and sieves.
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I think the gold in seawater might be more valuable than the plastic. With gold at 0.000011 ppm in seawater and $42.27 per gram, a cubic meter of seawater contains 1/20 of 1 cent worth of gold. Assuming that the garbage patches have 0.1 ppm plastic and a scrap price of $0.50/pound, a cubic meter of seawater has about 1/100 of 1 cent of plastic.
In other words, if you're going to be doing all that work to mine the seawater, you'll do better off extracting gold from it than plastic!
dom
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Would make a hell of a refueling rig for the Navy or any other ship that wants to perform underway replenishment.
Would also be the only chance of starting your own society. with Fuel, you can do anything.
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Why even bother with the landfills? There are massive garbage patches floating around in the oceans, the vast majority of which are plastics. If you can get a big enough tanker and implement this system on it, you could probably cut the amount of fuel needed even further - the tanker goes into a garbage patch, melts all the plastic down, keeps the oil, and uses some of it to get back to land. It would probably be more effective than loading fleets of trucks.
You are vastly overestimating the density of these patches, probably due to media sensationalism. For example, the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" [wikipedia.org] has a density of 4 particles per cubic meter of water. These particles are quite small, even microscopic. I know the news stories make it sound like it is just this mass of garbage floating around but that's just not how it is. From the Wikipedia article linked above:
"and the relatively low density of the plastic debris at, in one scientific study, 5.1 kilogram
Oil - Plastic - Back to Oil? (Score:3, Interesting)
I don't know how they define "cost effective", but since the plastic mostly came from oil in the first place, any energy expenditure to recover it is a net minus overall.
For an individual organization that can get a hold of a lot of landfill plastic cheap, this may be a win, but overall it is a fuel source with an energy return on investment (EROI) less than 1.
We're in trouble if we have to start resorting to this as an energy source. Deep trouble.
Re:Oil - Plastic - Back to Oil? (Score:5, Interesting)
While I totally agree with this, I think it misses the point.
Assuming that plastic is provided for free (cities or landfills are already pulling plastic out via a separation step) then enough energy can be *recovered* from the plastic to power the recovery process with a net gain. The goal is not energy independence... it's prevention of non-biodegradable items making it into the landfill.
There was a story a few months ago about an MIT project [inhabitat.com] to float a collector out into the ocean to pick up plastic... maybe these two teams should get together.
Re:Oil - Plastic - Back to Oil? (Score:5, Insightful)
It's not the point. The point is to take a material that does nothing and to make it useful again. There's only so much plastic you can convert back into carpet and other non critical product. If this isn't BS and the result of the transformation is more fuel than what was used then it's a no brainer. The technology will be adopted and improved which will have even bigger ROI.
Currently we pay to get rid of plastic. This allows making plastic disposal lucrative and that in my books is a positive ROI.
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I don't know how they define "cost effective", but since the plastic mostly came from oil in the first place, any energy expenditure to recover it is a net minus overall.
That would certainly be true when cost is compared to the original cost of the petroleum used to produce the plastic. Depending on the current price of oil, it may or may not be true now and in the future.
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If your goal was to turn oil into oil, then yes it's inefficient.
If your goal is to turn a waste product into oil, you need only be net efficient on the collection, conversion, and subsequent waste disposal. If it takes $0.80 of investment (collection, processing, distribution, waste cleanup) to produce a $1.00 worth of marketable product, then you've got a commercial venture. If it costs you up to $1.05 to do it, then you have a government contract possibility as you might be able to charge $0.20-$0.25 to
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We are making the plastic anyway, so the only thing we need to consider the the energy cost of converting it back into oil once we have finished using it.
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While that is undoubtedly true it's likely that the energy is going to come from the waste plastic. Similarly coal fired power stations need to bleed off electricity to run crushers, conveyors, sootblowers etc.
Yes thermodynamics sucks doesn't it - but it
Not exactly green (Score:5, Insightful)
I'm all for eliminating waste, but if the net effect is that we're removing plastic from landfills and emitting it as CO2, that's not terribly different from digging up crude oil and emitting it as CO2.
Now, I'm sure there's some sort of multiplier here that makes it a bit better - perhaps the plastics are a cleaner source and less energy will be used to process it - but currently this carbon is sequestered in an inert if unattractive form whose dangers are mostly localized.
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The goal isn't to burn this oil as tribute flames to our inventive manliness. It would replace an equivalent carbon portion of the fuel already burned, so there's no net increase in carbon, just that we would need to pull less out oil of the ground and put less plastic back in. (Okay, that's not quite what happens, oil just gets cheaper if you increase the supply so there is some net increase above the magical unicorn world where everything else stayed the same we would use less oil, but it's not as bad as
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So you want microbes to burn the plastic, with the same environmental effects but no benefit to us?
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Depending on how much CO2 the machine creates, you may be coming up neutral or a bit ahead VS current oil extraction methods. After all, the machines that are used in oil-fields also use fuel and give off CO2.
Basically, you're lowering the need to extract raw/crude oil in favor of manufacturing it from plastic waste. It doesn't really affect your overall oil consumption/pollution - though it might affect pricing - but it does get rid of plastic waste buried in landfills. If they could similarly deal with st
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I'm all for eliminating waste, but if the net effect is that we're removing plastic from landfills and emitting it as CO2, that's not terribly different from digging up crude oil and emitting it as CO2.
Now, I'm sure there's some sort of multiplier here that makes it a bit better - perhaps the plastics are a cleaner source and less energy will be used to process it - but currently this carbon is sequestered in an inert if unattractive form whose dangers are mostly localized.
It is terribly different in that unusable non-biodegradable material is removed, and as we develop new combustion systems and CO2 sequestration techniques, we know (should know) what to do with the CO2 exhaust.
There are no perfect solutions. Just alternatives, and it is up to us in being sufficiently smart (or at least in not being callously stupid) to string multiple alternatives into acceptable solutions.
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Birds don't choke on CO2. Seriously while global warming is one problem non biodegradable pollution is another. For society digging up tar sands laying waste to nature is a third. You are potentially trading 2 environmental negatives for one, and depending on the use of energy that one negative could be sequestered.
Comment removed (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:to state a few obvious facts not in TFA (Score:4, Informative)
It said in the article that the plastic itself, once converted to fuel is used to fuel the process which is converting the plastic to fuel. In other words they pull off a little of the fuel converted from the plastic to fuel the process going forward. Other than the initial startup energy it should be energy independent.
Plastic is a nasty waste product (it doesn't biodegrade and it kills living things) that we need to find a way to either reuse or properly destroy. Converting the several trillion tons of plastic waste in US landfills into fuel oil not only saves the space in the landfills it recovers energy from a waste product. It's a good idea if the total economics of the setup are profitable enough to justify hauling it to a disposal site or small enough to build these at landfills. It's a damn good waste reduction technique that will ensure we don't end up with the planet in the movie Wall-E (which was buried in garbage like plastic waste).
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complete this conversion at a less than or equal cost of energy generated by the oil. The shredder, crucible, and condenser arent powered by the mellow rock stylings of huey lewis and the news.
Actually, the article claims it does. It specifically says it produces a $100 barrel of oil for $35. The way they word it, it sounds like that $35 includes the energy costs.
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Do they not appreciate Huey Lewis's undisputed masterpiece? You should murder them with an axe.
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You're right.. It is powered by the Power Of Love.... of money and the environment.
Prove that it is a fact then (Score:2)
How do you know this? Do you have access to information that shows it is not like the sewerage treatment that releases far more methane than is requited to power the treatment or are you just making a wild guess based on gut feeling and ignorance?
to state a few obvious facts not in TFA (Score:2, Informative)
From the article:
About 70 to 80 percent of the product comes out as oil. Roughly 10 to 20 percent becomes hydrocarbon gas that heats the system, while the remainder is char residue.
For every 10 units of plastic the system is fed, it generates 7-8 units of oil, 1-2 units of gas which powers the system, and 0-1 units of waste 'char residue'. So it produces quite a bit more fuel from the plastic than it consumes.
Just burn it (Score:1)
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Then we end up putting dioxins into the environment. You have to burn the plastic in high-temperature incinerators to prevent that from happening.
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I'm confused (Score:1)
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As I recall, plastic is the leftover waste from refining oil.
You recall wrong. Very, very wrong.
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Diesel is made from the sludge left over from refining oil... makes you wonder why it costs more than regular doesn't it?
It didn't used to cost more. My somewhat murky memory was that some portion of the population started to see the popularity of diesel vehicles during the Carter administration, especially since the fuel was so much cheaper. (We had a diesel rabbit... very bad idea for several reason, but I digress...) It seems that shortly after this mild shift in public consciousness, diesel prices started to spike.
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Hell, you can (and we do) make any shorter-chain molecule by cracking.
Diesel oil is a bunch of mid-length chains and rings, which naturally exist in crude oil, and have been used that way for 110 years.
But since we want more gasoline & diesel oil than is naturally in crude, we crack the high-carbon molecules into the ones that we want more of (and then reform those too small into longer ones), instead of burning it in building boiler rooms, ships and making candles.
To reiterate, though: the chains that
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No it's just a heavier mix than petrol/gasoline, easier to make than petrol/gasoline but US refineries don't make a lot of it for some reason. The "sludge" ends up being used for things like making roads and/or gets cracked into lighter stuff.
Can help plastic recycling (Score:1)
2 trillion tons (Score:4, Interesting)
This leads me to my next question which is how much of the weight of the plastic is turned into oil? If it is over 1/6 of it then we have the equivalent of more than all presently extracted oil in our land fills already.
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there ARE other inputs into making plastics than the hydrogen and carbon atoms, for example vinyl has chlorine atoms, PET has oxygen.
42% of crude oil is used for other things than fuel. From fertilizer to explosives to plastics to lubricants to waxes the list is huge
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yes that number is nonsense. 300 million tons of plastic are produced a year in the world. also, estimate on percent of crude used to make plastic is 4 to 8 percent
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"Currently, 2 trillion tons of plastic waste is sitting in U.S. landfills ..."
I think that number is too high.
According to both quoted articles and the EPA [epa.gov], "32 million tons of plastic waste were generated in 2012". 32 million to 2 trillion is a huge jump.
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In 2012, the United States alone produced roughly 32 million tons of plastic waste
Operating continuously, the plant can convert up to 10 tons of plastic per day into 60 barrels of oil, with zero toxic emissions.
So just one years worth of the US's plastic waist could be turned in 192 million barrels unfortunately they can't handle that kind of volume.
The roughly 21k barrel produced by a facility like this in a year would make a very tiny dent in in the 6.89 billion barrels a year we use http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/... [eia.gov]
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Old Tech (Pyrolysis), Why it didn't sail (Score:4, Interesting)
Pyrolysis for "recycling" plastic waste into oil (or tire waste into oil) has been around since at least the 1990s. The main problems are 2: A) As Irate Engineer states, a polymer is an "added value" and deconstructing polymers back to oil always fails economically when actual recycling to like-polymers is available, and B) as Itzy says, the comparative value of returning it to fuel, vs. leaving it in an Municipal Solid Waste to energy facility and burning it, is small.
I read TFA and cannot figure out what differentiates this from the pyrolysis "waste investments" of the 1990s, none of which really sailed.
OK well and good but, (Score:2)
let's start thinking of ways to reduce the amount of plastic we produce in the first place. I'm thinking mostly about all of the plastic packaging in our Big Box stores. we really do not need, have not needed in the past, to wrap a hammer in a plastic clam shell. It's not like it will go stale if we just hang it on a hook. If you must package non perishable items (to reduce shrink for instance) put it in a cardboard box. Using our finite petroleum resources to package non perishable items is crazy.
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let's start thinking of ways to reduce the amount of plastic we produce in the first place. I'm thinking mostly about all of the plastic packaging in our Big Box stores. we really do not need, have not needed in the past, to wrap a hammer in a plastic clam shell.
You could drastically reduce the amount of plastic which hits the landfill by simply mandating that all bits of plastic used for packaging or in a product must be marked for recycling with a molded, stamped, melted, or otherwise permanent (not printed) mark. All those damned clamshells could be recycled if only they were marked. A handful of them are. It would be more efficient not to make them in the first place, but not marking them is just horribly irresponsible.
Why aren't we using volcanoes for melting plastic? (Score:1)
We could pitch other stuff as-well in volcanoes like cars, electronics & other stuff I'm sure. I don't think anyone will complain about a polluted volcano.
I asked everyone in the office about this & they agree with me. I'm right.
Great! We can take it out of the ground (Score:2)
and put all that carbon into the air where it belongs!
Who comes up with this stuff?
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Your math is off. The cheaper oil is the more we rely on it as an energy source as opposed to less dirty alternatives.
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I didn't say oil is getting cheaper. I said it is cheaper, e.g., oil is cheaper with this technology than without it.
Better to make them into 3D printer materials (Score:1)
It's actually fairly cheap to manufacture "plastics" that can be used as raw materials by 3D printers from compostable materials that can be used to grow food if need be.
We only use plastics that are oil-based because we have lots of cheap material and the sludge from the separator columns on the refineries needs to be used for something. We could easily replace those with vegetable based rotation crops that have oils - in fact major US research universities have the basic patents to do just that (e.g. Univ
So we don't care about global warming then? (Score:2)
Another one for the never list (Score:2)
Put this one with practical commercial fusion, economical solar energy, and flying cars. It wasn't that long ago Slashdot was all excited about "anything to oil"... went nowhere, of course.
Yet Another Whiz-Bang Discovery (Score:2)
that never seems to quite come into production or actually get anywhere. I keep hoping, but .. sigh ...
I'll still keep recycling my plastic (and hope they aren't kidding me and just dumping it into the landfill anyway). Even if it ends up being "recycled" into park benches or whatever, it's better than nothing.
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> landfill owners make money storing your trash
That sounds a reasonable assertion, but wouldn't an enterprising landfill owner sitting on millions of pounds of plastic waste want to *additionally* make money converting some of the trash into something he could sell? Assuming it all penciled out, of course.
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Actually most money made from trash is made from burning it, and from mining methane from it. Look at any large scale company that operates landfills.