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Transportation Businesses Education Government Hardware Technology

South Korea Signs On To Build Full-Scale Hyperloop System (newatlas.com) 133

Hyperloop Transportation Technologies (HTT) has partnered with the South Korean government and local universities to build the world's first full-scale Hyperloop system. "The agreement was actually signed back in January but only revealed this week, and sees HTT team up with the South Korean government's department of technological innovation and infrastructure, along with the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building (KICT) and Hanyang University," reports New Atlas. From the report: It involves the construction of a full-scale testbed, licensing of HTT's vacuum tube, levitation, propulsion and battery technologies along with the co-development of safety standards and regulations. The agreement is a multi-year partnership intended to build a new transportation system for South Korea, one which will be known as the HyperTube Express and carry passengers between Seoul and Busan in under 20 minutes, compared to the current three-hour drive. HTT may be setting out to build the world's first Hyperloop but it is no guarantee, with fellow startups Arrivo and Hyperloop One also moving full-steam ahead with their plans. The latter in particular seems to be making solid progress, recently showing off a full-scale test track in Nevada and forming agreements with Russia, Finland and Dubai to explore the feasibility of a Hyperloop in those countries. It's too early to tell who will be first out of the gate, but the competition is certainly heating up.
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South Korea Signs On To Build Full-Scale Hyperloop System

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  • vacuum tube (Score:5, Funny)

    by bugs2squash ( 1132591 ) on Wednesday June 21, 2017 @06:33PM (#54664957)
    shit, it's not even transistorized.
    • shit, it's not even transistorized.

      But dude, it sounds SO much better going under your feet!
      Then again, if you hear it at all it may be time to run away...

    • Transistorizing it would be way too dangerous. It is built for Sout Korea, and if you put inside transistors, somebody else (guess who...) will add a Li-Ion battery and the whole thing will catch fire.
  • by Anonymous Coward

    Someone has not experienced South Korean traffic.

  • by Anonymous Coward

    I once traveled Amtrak from Seattle to Atlanta. It took a little over 5.5 days. The ticket was $2,300 since I wanted a place to sleep since sitting in chair would have just been hell for most of a week. Even if Amtrak could do 300 MPH between stops, it still would have taken three entire days (yes, I did the math since I had nothing but time during my trip) including the long layovers to change trains so that is still pretty crappy.

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      The problem is Amtrak. You can see in Europe and, for example, Japan, what is possible with trains.

      • Indeed. The US has a huge rail network with nearly full and efficient utilization: for freight.

        Europe wastes much of its rail network on moving people around while burdening the roads with freight traffic,

        • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

          by Anonymous Coward
          hate to point this out, but there is plenty of freight on American roads as well.
        • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

          by Anonymous Coward

          A huge amount of freight in Europe goes via sea and rail too. In fact there are many large distribution centres that are supplied by rail. A lot is then transferred to road because that ends up being more efficient currently than sending one container load down a branch line, and. commuters don't want mixed trains and delays to have freight containers removed. If it was possible to unload during a station stop (two or three minutes) without much investment you might see even more rail transport.

          • commuters don't want mixed trains and delays to have freight containers removed. If it was possible to unload during a station stop (two or three minutes) without much investment you might see even more rail transport.

            You obviously have never heard of sidings (is that an understood terminiology in the US? UK term for a bit of track alongside the main track for parking trains for unloading freight etc). Most stations in the UK used to have freight sidings; but most of those have been removed as "inefficient".and converted into car parks or housing.

          • You're missing the point.

            My point is that the US rail system is huge (the largest in the world by far), it is highly utilized, and very efficient. Making the US system more like the European system by burdening it with passenger traffic and adding high speed trains would make it less efficient and increase emissions.

            And if Europeans wanted a more efficient rail system, they should follow the US model, rather than the other way around.

            • by Maritz ( 1829006 )

              My point is that the US rail system is huge (the largest in the world by far), it is highly utilized, and very efficient. Making the US system more like the European system by burdening it with passenger traffic and adding high speed trains would make it less efficient and increase emissions.

              Sorry couldn't help but grin. Emissions? US? Worried about? lol.

              • Emissions mean you're burning fuel. Fuel costs money. American corporations don't like to spend money and are constantly looking for more efficient ways of doing business and squeezing out costs.

                So, yeah - the US is very worried about emissions, just not for the reasons everyone else is.

                (For reference [uic.org], the EU freight rail share is 11.9% while the US freight rail share is 32.6%. The EU is much better about electrification of rail - it's basically non-existent in the US except for some passenger rail.)

              • You don't have to specifically care about emissions to optimize them to a local minimum.

                In the absence of emission-specific technologies, emissions still correlate directly with fuel use, and thus expense. Minimize expense, and you reach a local minimum of emissions as a side-effect.

            • If your sole measure of efficiency is total tonnage of freight moved then sure.
        • Europe wastes much of its rail network on moving people around while burdening the roads with freight traffic

          You really have no idea do you. The network by the way is a "Eurasia" network. You're more than welcome to drop a cargo ship off in the port of Rotterdam and rail it all the way to Guangzhou China if you want. The few freight trucks that are actually on the roads are not at all a burden.

          • The few freight trucks that are actually on [Euopean] roads are not at all a burden.

            You obviously never drive in the UK. On motorways the trucks are often filling two of the three lanes in nose-to-tail groups of 20 or more, with cars queuing behind to pass in the outer lane. The trucks are often stuck together aerodynamically. We call these situations "elephant races". Then you will see high streets in towns blocked for minutes by massive trucks delivering penny parcels to shops or fighting to pass each other in opposite directions.

            • by gweihir ( 88907 )

              Fort his purpose, the UK does not qualify as "Europe". It has a completely different rail-system.

              • Fort his purpose, the UK does not qualify as "Europe". It has a completely different rail-system.

                Pretty soon we're not going to qualify for any purpose except geographical.

                • by gweihir ( 88907 )

                  Looks like it. A real shame. And all your people had to do is not to listen to the completely disconnected-from-reality UK "elite". Also I am well aware that a _lot_ of people voted against this suicide-move, and they do not deserve what is to come at all.

                  • Yeah, and then to add insult to injury enough of them still bought it enough to vote tory but not enough so they could actually win win and now we're landed in pretty much the worst possible spot.
            • by thegarbz ( 1787294 ) on Thursday June 22, 2017 @05:34AM (#54666951)

              You obviously never drive in the UK.

              No I drive in Europe. Not only in Europe but regularly only the main highways between the two largest ports and trading hubs of Europe.

              On motorways the trucks are often filling two of the three lanes in nose-to-tail groups of 20 or more

              In many parts of Europe trucks are not allowed to overtake during the day if there's only 2 lanes on the motorway. In the parts where you are it's rarely an issue that holds up people for more than a few seconds.

               

              Then you will see high streets in towns blocked for minutes by massive trucks delivering penny parcels to shops or fighting to pass each other in opposite directions.

              I'm sure solving this middle of the town delivery issue is best done by putting a freight train down the main street. Don't conflate the last mile problem with international freight.

              And all of this doesn't change the fact that by far the most cargo in Europe is carried by electric rail.

              • And all of this doesn't change the fact that by far the most cargo in Europe is carried by electric rail.

                In fact, most freight is carried by roads, in both the US and in Europe, as you can easily look up on the US DOT and EU sites ("modal split"). So, please stop making things up.

                Anyway, what we're talking about here is which rail system utilizes its resources better, and that's the US system. In addition, the US rail system is by far the largest in the world. If Europe wants a more efficient rail system, i

                • Anyway, what we're talking about here is which rail system utilizes its resources better, and that's the US system.

                  That's a red herring. The real question is, which country is really utilizing rail as much as it should be, and the answer is... Japan? Maybe? Certainly nowhere in Europe, and certainly not the USA. We should have a lot more rail.

                • So, please stop making things up.

                  I'm not making anything up. I just don't feel burdened in the slightest. I am more burdened by the fact my coffee machine is in the kitchen not right next to my chair than I am by trucks on the main highways.

                  Anyway, what we're talking about here is which rail system utilizes its resources better, and that's the US system.

                  Actually what we're talking about here is if the goalposts should be further to the left or to the right. Let me remind you what I quoted you as saying: "Europe wastes much of its rail network on moving people around while burdening the roads with freight traffic". The absolute magnitude or usage or rai

                  • I'm not making anything up.

                    Yes, you are:

                    And all of this doesn't change the fact that by far the most cargo in Europe is carried by electric rail.

                    Your "fact" isn't even close to being true; it's something you made up.

                    Actually what we're talking about here is if the goalposts should be further to the left or to the right.

                    No, what we are talking about is gweihir's assertion:

                    You can see in Europe and, for example, Japan, what is possible with trains.

                    Fact is that the European rail system is not a well-run sy

              • I'm sure solving this middle of the town delivery issue is best done by putting a freight train down the main street. Don't conflate the last mile problem with international freight.

                No. it would be solved by single rail freight depots serving a whole town or district and distributing and collecting goods by small-to-midsized road trucks, or optionally holding goods for collection. Not much different from what courier companies do in the UK now, except their depots generally take delivery by large road trucks, not rail; these couriers make a tidy profit, so don't tell me (like the 1960's railway bean counters did) that it is uneconomic.

                Larger freight originators like industrial estates

          • Ah, anecdotal evidence, the best kind, eh?

            I suggest you get yourself some data and facts on rail network size, freight volumes, and utilization of rail systems in different countries. You'll be surprised.

            • Maybe you yourself should check just how burdened the roads of Europe are. Unless the definition of burden is like what I'm experiencing right now, the burden of having to get up out of this chair and get a cup of coffee.

              • Maybe you yourself should check just how burdened the roads of Europe are.

                I don't need to check, I have been driving on European roads for decades. Trucks are a massive problem on European roads and a constant political issue in countries like Germany and Switzerland. If you don't know this, you really are out of touch with European politics.

                But that isn't even what we are talking about here. What we are actually talking about is whether Europe's rail system should be a model for the US rail system. You err

                • Trucks are a massive problem on European roads and a constant political issue in countries like Germany and Switzerland. If you don't know this, you really are out of touch with European politics.

                  Politics is irrelevant due difference of reality vs people's perception. There's all sorts of "politics" not grounded on any fact. But okay, I'm going to assume you just have some major unlucky roads. I too have been driving European roads for decades, in the Germany you so kindly cite.

                  Complete and total non-issue.

                  You erroneously thought that that was related to truck volumes

                  Actually I replied to a direct quote. What you think is or is not in error should be directed to the person who originally wrote the statement. And while you're at it the original comment said tha

                  • And while you're at it the original comment said that "Europe *wastes* it's rail on people", to prove that you need to show me how the Europe would be better suited to put those people on the road and the trucks on the rail. Common I'll wait*.

                    Well, that's what we're really talking about: should rail be used for passengers or for freight or for a mix.

                    Criteria are: cost, emissions, and travel times.

                    Yes, my contention is that an all-freight rail network like the US network results in substantially better resou

          • Actually, for inland freight transport [uic.org], the EU has a greater intensity of road transport to rail transport (51.1 / 11.9 = 4.2x) than does the US (56.8 / 32.6 = 1.7x).

            Europe ships more by sea than the US (a combination of being surrounded on three sides by ocean and from importing/exporting a greater percentage of its goods overseas) but once it gets on dry land, you use trucks to a much greater degree than does the US.

        • Europe especially Germany has a lot of freight traffic on rails.
          However the TGV high speed tracks are passenger only AFAIK.

        • by gweihir ( 88907 )

          And if that were true, it would be a problem. Instead, it is a complete fantasy on your part.

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          Europe doesn't waste rail capacity on people. Those passenger trains don't replace freight, they have separate lines for that. Surprisingly, freight tends not to want to go to the same places as people. There are separate lines, or lines used during the day for people and at night for freight.

          And no matter how you look at it, a train carrying 200 people and 10 trucks on the road vs. a train carrying 10 containers and 150 cars on the road is a pretty good trade-off.

        • Europe does less rail freight shipping than the US, but it also does less road freight shipping than the US.

      • Indeed.

        Seattle to Los Angeles should be very doable by train, but it currently takes twice as long as it does by car.
        Amsterdam to Madrid is a similar distance, but it is fairly easily two hours quicker by train than by car.

        Although it has to be said that once you venture into the Balkan area or Scandinavia, things get tricky fairly quickly if you want to travel by train.

        • Indeed.

          Seattle to Los Angeles should be very doable by train, but it currently takes twice as long as it does by car.

          Looking a UK viewpoint, that is absolutely insane.

      • Comment removed based on user account deletion
        • by Rei ( 128717 ) on Wednesday June 21, 2017 @09:58PM (#54665931) Homepage

          Hyperloop itself isn't designed for journeys of that length - it's designed to be optimal for intermediary length trips, with trains better for shorter journeys and aircraft better for longer journeys. That said, it is possible to make Hyperloop have a higher top speed (and thus reduced long-distance travel time) by increasing the sonic velocity of the gas - aka, via either increasing the temperature of the (highly rarified) gas inside the tube, or by using a (rarified) light gas such as hydrogen or helium. The latter requires increased tube evacuation pumping to minimize the fraction of leaked-in-air in the tubes. The former may happen to some extent on its own due to compression heating from passing Hyperloop capsules (the tube itself will be an effective thermal radiator, but the gas inside (due to its very low density) will not be very effective at transferring heat into the tube). Both lighter and hotter gases not only increase the sonic velocity, but also decrease air resistance (particularly using light gases). The low densities mean that you don't use great quantities of gases - meaning that the amounts of helium are affordable and loss rates acceptable, while hydrogen would not be prone to embrittling the tube or presenting a tube explosion hazard even when mixed with leaked-in air (although its behavior inside the capsule compressors / air bearings / etc needs consideration). Rarified water vapour, ammonia or methane atmospheres would also allow improved speeds of sound vs. air, although not to the degree of hydrogen or helium.

          Another issue for long-distance travel via Hyperloop is that the faster you go, the greater the minimum bend radius. Not so much of an issue when you're going over flat plains, but once you start getting into uneven terrain it can present problems. "Floating Hyperloop" is particularly appealing for when dealing with very high speed travel due to the ability to sculpt bend radii as gently as you want over open ocean.

          The Hyperloop design document doesn't consider that other technology can't or won't advance as well. But for at least intermediate-distance travel, they argue - convincingly, in my opinion - that increased aircraft speed, even if associated with improved economics, can't beat out Hyperloop. This is because of the simple reason that increasing aircraft speed means increasing altitude (to reduce the velocity-squared drag and to avoid sonic boom effects on the surface), which means increased subsonic climbing and descent times. Not a problem for long journeys, but for intermediate hops, that looks like a fairly fundamental barrier.

          • Don't forget the "airport". Being minimum 1h early to board a plane. Having the airport minimum 1h by car or public transport away.
            E.g. you fly from Paris to London, I would guess the flight time is less than an hour. But to get to one of the three airports of Paris takes you minimum an hour, with boarding time that is 2h. Now you land outside of London, again more than an hour away from the city center. So bottom line Pars to London is at least a 4h trip by plane.
            Even the existing Eurostar is already faste

        • (even if a train were capable of consistently traveling at 250mph, and were given a straight piece of track, neither of which are practical, it'd take over 20 hours to cross the continental USA)

          It doesn't [necessarily] matter if it takes over 20 hours if you can sleep, do work, eat a meal that didn't come out of a prepackaged styrofoam tray... Obviously, for some cases it matters, and in those cases people will still want to fly, but we could still be using rail more often. In addition, not all the trips are all the way across the country.

    • I once traveled Amtrak from Seattle to Atlanta. ... .Even if Amtrak could do 300 MPH between stops, it still would have taken three entire days ... including the long layovers to change

      And with Hyperloop it would take ... what? Your trip time was dominated by changeovers and convoluted routing (as someone else has described), not by the speed of the train. Unless there were a direcr Hyperloop between Seattle and Atlanta (don't hold your breath for it materialising) the Hyperloop experience could be very similar.

      • That's where hyperloop could save on travel time tremendously: if there actually is a continuous network, you wouldn't have to slow down, stop, and accelerate at each intermediate station like a regular train; you could zoom flat out to your destination. It would also mean that you could presumably build a hyperloop station at every two horse town along the way, no need for those people to travel to a major town, again cutting a lot of travel time. Provided that switching tubes will be possible, and econom
        • Don't know much about railways do you? European trains do not stop at each intermediate station. There are [at least] two types of train, expresses (or "Inter-City") and stopping (or "Local"). The expresses skip the intermediate stops while the stopping trains do stop at those stations, often on passing loops to allow an express to overtake. On many main lines there are four or even six tracks (ie two or three each way) for the different types of train.

          It would also mean that you could presumably build a hyperloop station at every two horse town along the way

          You've lost me now, contradicted yourself. But tha

          • Sigh. Regular trains either service small stations meaning that they take ages to travel longer distances, or they only stop at major stations which means that you first have to travel to a major station in order to take advantage of them (adding more time as you change trains)

            Let me draw you a picture:
            Regular trains:
            [local train from Two Horse Town] --- stop --- stop --- stop --- stop --- stop ---- [change to intercity at Big City] ------ stop ------ stop ----- [change to local at Mega City] --- stop
            • I know exactly how trains work, I used to work as an engineer for a railway company and have even driven trains. I have also travelled more miles by train than any other form of transport. Thanks though.

              Let me draw you a picture: ........ Hyperloop: [enter pod at Two Horse Town] --- zooooooooooooooooooooooooom --- [arrive at Shitface Gulch] See how that works?

              Great, but only if Hyperloop does go to Two Horse Town and Shitface Gulch (which sounds very unlikely from the names), and you are the only passenger on board. A "pod" on conventional rails could do that too if you laid rails to those places; such "pods" have been tried [greatwestern.org.uk], but operators did not find them e

              • PS : That is the UK meaning of "engineer" (ie techie), not the US meaning (ie driver) in this context.

  • You know a town with money is a little like the mule with a spinning wheel.
    No one knows how he got it and danged if he knows how to use it.

    - Introductory remarks before the Simpson's Monorail Song

  • Could you imagine trying to rig that up like they have in planes or busses?
  • Here's the thing about hyperloops. You maintain a vacuum you need intense, spread-out pressure along a sturdy structure like an arc/circle/triangle/whatever. If you so much as take a good swing at it with a hammer when it's at a near-vacuum, you ruin the shape and it collapses in a massive, loud implosion. Look up "truck vacuum collapse" on youtube if you're not familiar. These aren't just sensitive to terrorist attacks, they're sensitive to a car running into them and killing everyone on the train. Heck a
    • you overbuild it. they said all the same stuff about trains. the rail is vulnerable. anyone could just go out and unbolt parts of it! etc etc

      • No, the whole thing is ridiculous. Check out Thunderf00t's analysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNFesa01llk
        • by Rei ( 128717 )

          Check out Thunderf00t's analysis

          Right. Because when I want an engineering analysis, I always turn to an organic chemist.

          Meanwhile, in the real world, mild or hard vacuum lines and chambers are widely used in industry (for example, see VDUs), and designing a structure to be stable against vacuum, including in catastrophic-rupture scenarios is basic engineering. Believe me, the VDU and its low pressure lines are not what people at refineries fear ruptures in - if you want to see some alarm, rupture a line fo

          • Believe me, the VDU and its low pressure lines are not what people at refineries fear ruptures in

            Could that be because they aren't inside them and moving at twice the speed of OMFG?

        • I checked it out. He thinks it's impossible because...expansion joints and because the atmosfear is too heavy. Right. Sorry but his analysis is bullshit and he nitpicks at lots of things that are irrelevant to the main idea. Like whether powering it with solar panels is viable or what the price of a ticket will be. Who gives a shit? A regular high speed train doesn't need to be solar powered and neither does a hyperloop and if the tickets are expensive so what? It will be a train system for the rich then. I

          • by Rei ( 128717 ) on Wednesday June 21, 2017 @10:26PM (#54666025) Homepage

            The expansion joints thing is just another example of why you don't turn to a biochemist for a lecture on engineering. Most HSR doesn't have expansion joints either. Lots of things don't have expansion joints. There are three standard ways in industry to deal with thermal expansion: 1) resist it, 2) let it expand by increased bend radii, 3) let it expand by increased linear length. All three are widely used. In HSR, it's common practice to use the "resist" approach - they generally lay the track hot, so that when it cools it contracts and there's built-in tension on all but the hottest days. They usually use heavy and/or anchored ties (commonly concrete) to resist track movement. Pipelines generally use some combination of #1 (e.g. overburden anchoring), #2 (e.g. expansion loops) or #3 (e.g. slip-type expansion joints). Hyperloop wants to use #3, with the dampers as slip joints (e.g. like teflon shoes on pipelines). Whoop-de-doodle-doo. Even if that sort of thing wasn't already a common solution for thermal expansion, they could always just switch to resisting expansion, with a pretensioned tube, like the rail on HSR.

            • The expansion joints thing is just another example of why you don't turn to a biochemist for a lecture on engineering. Most HSR doesn't have expansion joints either. Lots of things don't have expansion joints

              Incidentally, continuous rail is really, really cool.

            • by Anonymous Coward

              There is another expansion option that is kind of like an expansion loop and already used on vacuum systems: corrugation. There are a lot of vacuum systems that have parts cycling to cryogenic or high temps (sometimes in different parts of the same machine). Ideally you try to isolate that from the vacuum vessels, but it is not perfect, and often you want to heat up the vessel on purpose to remove water (200 C if using metal seals... With sometimes large gradients to parts that don't have metal seals). A va

        • by drinkypoo ( 153816 ) <drink@hyperlogos.org> on Wednesday June 21, 2017 @11:10PM (#54666129) Homepage Journal

          Check out Thunderf00t's analysis

          That's like checking to see what Ben Carson thinks of the Pyramids.

    • by Anonymous Coward

      I've frequently used large hammers on vacuum vessels that were under vacuum, and they didn't collapse. When you work on plasma experiments, you can end up with mangled electrical components that take a lot of force to remove, but you don't want to break vacuum to do so (there is a big difference between an easy to reach low friction low vacuum, and ultrahigh vacuum that can be ruined by just a thin layer of water from exposing a surface to humidity). The vessels are often just tubes of stainless, and they c

      • by Anonymous Coward

        It's funny how the people who insist that vacuum systems are horribly unsafe and unstable have never actually worked with vacuum systems ;)

    • So, so many things wrong with this. First, you rupture the vacuum, you don't kill people. The train coasts to a stop, just like any other object traveling at 500 mph in the air (like, say, a passenger jet, except you don't have to worry about crashing into the ground because you're on the ground). The system is really just a high-speed train that operates in a vacuum for increased efficiency. Secondly, vacuum chambers tend to not be all that delicate. In fact, they tend to be made of incredibly tough materi

    • 1atm of pressure differential can be surmounted by the strength of modern building materials. There are many many things that can and likely will go wrong, but to say it's impossible is pretty insulting to all the talented engineers who've put people on the moon, on the bottom of challenger deep, flown stuff to mars, made modern microchips, etc. We could build a hyperloop if we set out to.
      • 1atm of pressure differential can be surmounted by the strength of modern building materials.
        This is the equivalent of a water depth of 10 meters (roughly 11 yards). So yes, it is trivial.

    • by Solandri ( 704621 ) on Thursday June 22, 2017 @02:38AM (#54666533)
      I helped design submarines. Big, long metal tubes which can withstand well over 50 atmospheres of external pressure. Designing a tube to withstand a single atmosphere is trivial.

      And you don't design these things to be uniform in strength so if it fails, the entire cross-section buckles killing everyone inside. You deliberately design them with weaker sections. That way if there's ever a problem, a weaker section fails first and (for a submarine) gives the crew advance warning the hull is about to fail while allowing them time to recover, or (for an airplane or hyperloop) equalizes the pressure [wikipedia.org] before the entire structure can fail.

      I think Hyperloop is a boondoggle in California. But I could actually see it working for South Korea. They have an extremely high population density (lots of potential customers), the maximum travel distance in the country is annoyingly too short for airliner but too long for regular passenger trains, and the geography is incredibly stable (no earthquakes).
    • A car can not run in one. Perhaps google a bit for the concepts?
      Submarines seem to survive baseball bats quite nicely, so do air planes ...

  • Actually the only asian country so far is Thailand.

    But the week that thing goes life I will be there and wait in the queues to be one of the first 10,000 to catch a ride.

  • Why doesn't Elon get behind this?

    http://www.skytran.com/ [skytran.com]

    Hyperloop is a 'pipe' dream which will mostly serve the rich and only a very few with specific travel requirements. SkyTran would serve an entire City or Country with more then just personal public transportation. Run whatever cables/wires you want down the tracks and get fiber, gas, power and more. Every loading station could be a Wifi/Cellular node blanketing the area with open access. There is so much potential in a SkyTran system that it
    • I find that a bit confusing myself. It seems like a perfect plan because it permits preservation of the auto companies — they just go to building monorail pods instead of cars, no big deal. They're the ones who have the manufacturing capacity lying around to do something like that. And it would also be highly compatible with TBC, but then, so is basically any form of transportation given the scale of it.

Every nonzero finite dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis. It makes sense, when you don't think about it.

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