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Power Businesses United States

Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant To Close, Latest Symbol of Struggling Industry (npr.org) 393

The remaining nuclear reactor still operating at Three Mile Island in South-central Pennsylvania will shut down by September 30th, Exelon announced Wednesday. The decision to close the reactor comes 40 years after the nation's worse commercial nuclear accident. NPR reports: The company says the plant has been losing money for years. The nuclear industry generally has struggled to compete with less expensive electricity generated from natural gas and renewable energy. Exelon first announced it would close two years ago unless lawmakers stepped in to keep it open. It then campaigned to save the plant by seeking a subsidy from Pennsylvania's legislature. The company argued that, in light of climate change and efforts to address it, the plant deserves compensation for the carbon-free electricity it produces.

That argument has worked in other states, including Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey and New York. But in Pennsylvania, the state's powerful natural gas industry opposed it, along with industrial users and consumer advocates, calling the proposal a "bailout." When it became clear the subsidy legislation wouldn't pass within the next month Exelon decided to retire the plant, which was licensed to operate for 15 more years. Exelon says it will offer positions elsewhere in the company to employees who are willing to relocate. But the plant also employed thousands of contract workers during refueling and maintenance outages.
On March 28, 1979, Three Mile Island Generating Station Unit 2 "suffered a partial meltdown after a pump stopped sending water to the stream generators that removed heat from the reactor core," reports NPR. "The accident was the start of a backlash against the nuclear industry that halted its growth for decades."
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Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant To Close, Latest Symbol of Struggling Industry

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  • by randomencounter ( 653994 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:11PM (#58561808)

    Yet so many people will still tout the TMI incident as a "major nuclear accident".

    It's not the worst, but even the worst only killed dozens of people where fossil fuels kill millions when working as intended.

    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      by gweihir ( 88907 )

      You do not understand risk. It was damn close and a lot of people would have died.

      • by jwhyche ( 6192 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @10:02PM (#58561994) Homepage

        You do not understand risk. It was damn close and a lot of people would have died.

        No it wasn't. It was never even close. Three Mile Island has been so over blown that you would think it went up in a mushroom cloud. Which is by the way impossible.

        Three Mile Island was caused by human error, not by a design flaw. The safety systems in place worked exactly as intended. There was no significant radiation released into the environment and the people directly exposed received less radiation than a normal chest x-ray.

        In the end 3 Mile Island was a testament to reactor design and the effectiveness of the safety protocols in place. It should be hailed as a success instead of the disaster you anti nuke kooks like to make it out as.

        • by serviscope_minor ( 664417 ) on Thursday May 09, 2019 @02:19AM (#58562562) Journal

          Three Mile Island was caused by human error, not by a design flaw.

          I disagree: TMI has almost become a case study in human factors design. I mean yes human error was involved, but the design of the control room made it really really easy for that error to happen, almost encouraging it.

          In the end 3 Mile Island was a testament to reactor design and the effectiveness of the safety protocols in place.

          Absolutely yes. The human interface design was bad, but the overall reactor design had failsafe after failsafe such that when shit hit the fan, it wouldn't go everywhere. Shit did hit and it went nowhere.

          Now imagine if we could have put the last 40 years of learning int oreactor design rather than stretching ancient models increasingly psat their lifespan.

          • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

            Newer isn't always better. Some of the tech on aircraft is relatively ancient but well proven and understood.

            Basically you can design something that looks extremely safe and foolproof, but until it's actually tested you can't really be sure that it is. Testing is very hard and it's often extremely difficult to find the kind of faults that appear after years of operation.

            • Interesting that you take aircraft as an example given how their development of technology has been case studies on how newer technology and advances continuously improve safety.

          • by thegarbz ( 1787294 ) on Thursday May 09, 2019 @08:28AM (#58563412)

            Three Mile Island was caused by human error, not by a design flaw.

            I disagree: TMI has almost become a case study in human factors design. I mean yes human error was involved, but the design of the control room made it really really easy for that error to happen, almost encouraging it.

            You disagree for the wrong reasons. Poor human factor design is always an after-the-face case. There is absolutely no denying that human error was the cause. There is absolutely no denying that by today's standards and with today's knowledge of human and machine interaction the design is poor.

            But given the standards and the knowledge of the day there was absolutely no "design flaw". We just happen to have since found a better way of doing it which would make it flawed if used in a project built to today's standards.

            But then you could also say that every industrial plant and piece of equipment built before 2001 has design flaws, since our designs and understanding of people and equipment is continuously evolving. Why 2001? Well IEC 61513 the standard for instrumentation and safety systems for nuclear reactors wasn't published until then.

            Just because you don't have best current practice doesn't mean you have a "design flaw".

        • by cascadingstylesheet ( 140919 ) on Thursday May 09, 2019 @07:24AM (#58563132) Journal

          You do not understand risk. It was damn close and a lot of people would have died.

          No it wasn't. It was never even close. Three Mile Island has been so over blown that you would think it went up in a mushroom cloud. Which is by the way impossible.

          Yep. Exactly.

          In fact it's a testament to nuclear safety (in the West, anyway). We make a huge deal about incidents, because of our commitment to safety, even if the incidents result in essentially nothing.

        • by gweihir ( 88907 )

          They very narrowly avoided a hydrogen explosion. That would have done it. Stop revising history. Stop lying.

          • by jwhyche ( 6192 )

            No one is lying dweeb. There is no revision history here. There NEVER was even a remote chance of hydrogen explosion. The safety system worked EXACTLY as they where supposed too. There was NEVER any real danger to ANYTHING.

            Fucking hippies.

    • a disaster or even remembers it. When folks talk about nuke disasters they talk about Chernobyl and Fukushima, mostly Fukushima because it is an example of a privately run Nuke plant who's meltdown was caused by the plant owners skipping required safety procedures (not enough offsite generators ready in the event of a disaster they knew was coming, and the plant was overdue for decom).

      I still haven't heard a good answer to that. How do you keep stupid voters tired of paying taxes from privatizing nuke p
      • by gweihir ( 88907 )

        I remember TMI. I followed it on the news, live. It was a very close thing. They narrowly avoided a (conventional) hydrogen explosion. Nobody knew whether the containment would hold that in and it would basically have assured a melt-down with a 500 year (or longer) cleanup phase.

        • by jwhyche ( 6192 )

          Again, no they didn't. There was never a danger of a "hydrogen explosion."

  • Color me surprised (Score:5, Interesting)

    by rmdingler ( 1955220 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:13PM (#58561812) Journal

    Rightfully so, we've been subsidizing the renewables to advance their efficiencies.

    Questionably so, depending on your vocation and/or portfolio, we've been subsidizing petroleum-based energy. It's not entirely impractical, as we require a reliable baseline electrical generation source to work whenever we need to charge something or change the indoor temperature.

    Yet. Stupefyingly so, we demonize and ignore the planet-saving electrical generation magic of nuclear plants. Go. Figure.

    • by currently_awake ( 1248758 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:17PM (#58561834)
      Nuclear power (all forms) costs more than solar + batteries. Fusion doesn't even work yet and it's already obsolete. The lack of new nuclear power plants gets blamed on regulation, but it's really just economics.
      • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

        by rmdingler ( 1955220 )

        Nuclear power (all forms) costs more than solar + batteries. Fusion doesn't even work yet and it's already obsolete. The lack of new nuclear power plants gets blamed on regulation, but it's really just economics.

        Solar and batteries (all forms) cost more than electrical generation by natural gas and anthracite coal... yet we subsidize their improvement and implementation.

        The lack of new nuclear power plants gets blamed on regulation and economics, but it's really just fear, uncertainty, and doubt.

        • by Freischutz ( 4776131 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @10:34PM (#58562088)

          Nuclear power (all forms) costs more than solar + batteries. Fusion doesn't even work yet and it's already obsolete. The lack of new nuclear power plants gets blamed on regulation, but it's really just economics.

          Solar and batteries (all forms) cost more than electrical generation by natural gas and anthracite coal... yet we subsidize their improvement and implementation.

          The lack of new nuclear power plants gets blamed on regulation and economics, but it's really just fear, uncertainty, and doubt.

          Coal is cheaper than Solar power? Bollocks .... According to the German Federal Environment Agency the external costs of electricity (i.e. the costs that energy producers and consumers impose on others without paying the consequences, including the impacts of air, waste and water pollution and of climate change) from:

          Lignite is 10.75 Eurocent/kWh
          Hard (anthracite) coal 8.94 Eurocent/kWh
          Natural gas 4.91 Eurocent/kWh
          Photovoltaics 1.18 Eurocent/kWh
          Eind 0.26 Eurocent/kWh
          Hydro 0.18 Eurocent/kWh
          Nuclear 10.7 to 34 ct/kWh

          Even if you just look at the levelled cost of energy, the cost energy generated with coal is at between 2-3 times the cost of solar and terrestrial wind power and this includes data from the US Energy Information Administration.

          • by Anonymous Coward

            LOL, keep quoting baseless made-up numbers that German bureaucrats use to justify their policy blunders.

            Germany closed its nuclear and replaced it with thermal power.

            Why do you think Merkel is building these gas pipes to Russia?

          • by sfcat ( 872532 )

            Coal is cheaper than Solar power? Bollocks .... According to the German Federal Environment Agency the external costs of electricity (i.e. the costs that energy producers and consumers impose on others without paying the consequences, including the impacts of air, waste and water pollution and of climate change) from:

            Way to move the goalposts. External cost != Internal cost. Internal cost is what the consumer pays and its what everyone thinks when you say cheaper. It would be better if there were no external costs. Coal in most places has a lower internal cost than solar. That doesn't mean we should use coal as it has a huge external cost and we should consider the total cost of power, not just internal cost. Solar is only price competitive because we subsidise it and even then its very expensive. Its just that y

            • by e3m4n ( 947977 )

              Solars biggest drawback is the sun isn't shining 24x7 at the same spot on the ground. Weather and rainy seasons screw this up too. This puts geography as an element of productivity. Some areas will not facilitate much production. Solar should be used to produce hydrogen for a more stable infrastructure. There have already been some great discoveries of materials with specific molecular shapes that result in direct light -> hydrogen production. Hydrogen makes for a great ‘battery’ and most of

            • Coal is cheaper than Solar power? Bollocks .... According to the German Federal Environment Agency the external costs of electricity (i.e. the costs that energy producers and consumers impose on others without paying the consequences, including the impacts of air, waste and water pollution and of climate change) from:

              Way to move the goalposts. External cost != Internal cost. Internal cost is what the consumer pays and its what everyone thinks when you say cheaper. It would be better if there were no external costs. Coal in most places has a lower internal cost than solar. That doesn't mean we should use coal as it has a huge external cost and we should consider the total cost of power, not just internal cost. Solar is only price competitive because we subsidise it and even then its very expensive. Its just that you confuse nameplate capacity with how much power you actual get from a given power source when you say its cheaper. A 100W solar panel != reliable 100W sources.

              Also, how the fuck do you get 10.7-34 cents/kWh for nuclear? You could buy Europe and turn it into a theme park for Chinese tourists cheaper than that "cost". That's so far out of bounds that the other values which seem reasonable no longer carry any weight.

              Moving goal posts? The point here is that both external cost internal cost are higher for coal, way higher, unless you consider in the massive subsidies coal needs to come anywhere close to wind, solar and gas unimportant. That said, it is the consumer that pays the taxes that are used to subsidise coal and feel with the external costs to the environment so in the end it is always the consumer that pays more for dirty coal than wind solar, and even natural gas if you factor in the external costs. There is

            • Well, if that is the case, why not just use government money to subsidise wind 100%? Then, by your argument, the internal cost will be 0 and the consumer will get all their power for free. Man, that sure was easy to solve!

      • by virtig01 ( 414328 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:37PM (#58561918)

        Cost per kWh isn't a direct comparison. Solar is competitive for peaking loads in the top couple of percent of electricity consumption. But nuclear provides constant power during all times of day in all weather conditions. It's easier to replace peak load than base load. Coal and nuclear were (and often still are) used for base load, with gas providing peaking. Now that gas has gotten cheaper, it is being used for base load, supplanting coal and nuclear.

        Not saying the nuclear isn't expensive (it is), but we're a long way away from having our electricity demand based on a foundation of solar + batteries.

        • Expensive is relative... are we considering initial generation costs only?

          Or. Are we taking into account accessory costs like environmental damage cleanup costs?

          I'd include contribution to climate change, but I'd rather not start a bipartisan pissing contest.

        • Nuclear power (all forms) costs more than solar + batteries

          Cost per kWh isn't a direct comparison. Solar is competitive for peaking loads in the top couple of percent of electricity consumption. But nuclear provides constant power during all times of day in all weather conditions.

          Yes, that is inferior to solar+wind+battery. When you don't have sun, you tend to have wind, and vice versa. Nuclear provides constant power, but battery backup provides instantly load-following power. Nuclear has to produce over consumption in order to handle changing demand.

          It's true that solar alone won't provide for our needs. We also need wind, including offshore wind. We don't need nuclear, and wasting time, money, and effort on it is just that — a waste. We will find nuclear power necessary whe

      • Fusion doesn't even work yet and it's already obsolete.

        The rest of your comment was pretty dumb, but this bit .... that's just insanely stupid.

      • by dabadab ( 126782 )

        Nuclear power (all forms) costs more than solar + batteries

        That statement does not seem to be very pausible. Do you have any numbers to back it up?

      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by guruevi ( 827432 )

        Solar and batteries are heavily subsidized and are environmentally much less friendly. You'd have to cover an area the size of California to get enough solar panels and wind turbines to replace fossil fuels in the US not even speaking about growth and overbuilding for periods when the sun doesn't shine or wind doesn't blow.

        • by wes33 ( 698200 ) on Thursday May 09, 2019 @12:28PM (#58564616)

          that is patently ridiculous - California is about 163K sq mi;
          estimates of total area for solar production are less than 25K sq mi.
          (and much of it could be rooftop with batteries in
          the basement).

          Why make up things like this? How does it help the
          conversation?

    • by fermion ( 181285 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @10:59PM (#58562156) Homepage Journal
      In fact nuclear is pretty heavily subsidized. A generation ago our rates were increased specifically to pay for the construction costs of the nuclear power plant when the plant could not generate electricity at a competitive rate. Before this whole mess is over, the DOE is likely to have paid $100 billion to cover costs for retail nuclear energy.

      Nuclear energy suffer significant competitive disadvantages in the US. Coal is plentiful, and natural gas is almost a waste product that we use or discard. There is plenty of land to build coal and gas fired power plants. We have never had a plan to deal with nuclear waste, so it sits there costing money, limiting the ability fo nuclear power to proliferate.

      This later is the big issue. Nuclear power is unique is that it produces significant dangerous waste, and that waste, unlike other energy sources, if regulated heavily. If conservative lawmakers in the US would end their denial of climate change, and admit that the waste from fossil fuel power plants were an equal danger to nuclear waste, then nuclear would have been much more competitive and maybe more successful in the US. But the right of the fossil fuel power plants to unlimited destruction of the environment has lead to a situation where any competing technology is at a significant disadvantage.

      Nuclear has had a two generations at least to prove itself, and it still is not cost competitive. Wind has had a generation, and know overnight spot prices are often essentially zero, negative with subsidies. Fossil fuel is only competitive because we allow it to external costs of the waste products.

  • With emotional responses instead of logical solutions. A pump stopped sending water? Why was that even a possibility? Why weren't there multiple fail-safes in place for something so critical and why wasn't it foreseen? Where were the engineers who considered the contingencies & planned ahead for them before the plant was even built. I mean you have a substance just giving off free energy and you don't have to do anything with it except boil some water and make steam and you got the spinning shaft upon w

    • Why didn't the japanese engineers wire up cars to recharge the batteries powering the cooling pumps at the nuclear reactor? They had plenty of wire from wrecked houses.
      • by gweihir ( 88907 )

        You do not understand electrical engineering. At all. One tiny mistake and you end up with a nice fire, making things massively worse. Also, this would not have worked in the first place. You see, voltage, current, AC/DC, fuses, phases, etc. all have to match.

    • by bobby ( 109046 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:34PM (#58561906)

      The main pumps are in the 10,000 HP size, not easy to have backups or to power. Admittedly the emergency pumps are much smaller, but still huge and need huge generators. I agree, there needs to be more contingency and redundancy.

      As an engineer (not nuke design) I get appropriately defensive whenever people blame things on engineers. It's never the engineers who make the decisions, unless engineers are also running the company (Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, etc.) and even then there are (too) many MBAs running the show. Challenger's engineers told NASA managers "do not launch" but the managers overruled them. In my world, engineers would have absolute last word. Admittedly some engineers will over-design a thing into the ground. One of the major reasons the US has built very few new nuclear plants in the past 40 years is the massive design and construction cost overruns.

      There's a push, including at DOE, for reactor designs where there are many smaller nuclear power stations, and in each are multiple small reactors, all in a large pool of water- enough to cool them passively.

      • by elainerd ( 94528 )

        I'm all for engineers and engineering, in fact I bet if more engineers had been involved to critically review the plans the plant would have been better. It just seems like people want to abandon a technology because of past failures. Maybe solar, wind and geothermal will have some breakthroughs to make them scale better, but nuclear could actually replace fossil fuels right now for electric vehicles if we had developed the technology more instead of mothballing it because of fear, we just have to get it ri

        • by bobby ( 109046 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @11:53PM (#58562274)

          Thanks. This is difficult because I recently started doing some work in that industry and I don't want to say too much. It in fact involves safety systems, including things that could have been done at TMI, but weren't, and I don't know why not, but cost-cutting is always a strong force. Sadly the TMI accident badly damaged public opinion, and due to demand-side economics, drove up the cost of pretty much everything, especially safety systems.

          As long as I can remember I've been a huge believer in solar, wind, wave, tidal... renewable energy. But we need something to power society until we collectively decide to build out renewables. I'm very happy to see how much is being done, but we have a long way to go.

        • I'm all for engineers and engineering, in fact I bet if more engineers had been involved to critically review the plans the plant would have been better.

          I'm not so sure. Engineers, especially design engineers, tend to place a lot of faith in their design and in technology; and as a result may underestimate the probability of failure. In addition, they underplay the man-machine interface and fail to understand the human factors involved in good design. As a result, systems display confusing information or overload an operator with information during an event, leading to errors that inevitably get blamed on the operators when in fact the system lead them to t

      • In my world, engineers would have absolute last word.

        Maybe that's a pipe dream. But I don't know if it's more or less so than a world where they would tell the media and/or public exactly how it went down within a few months of the event.

        • by bobby ( 109046 )

          Maybe that's a pipe dream.

          Yep! And one I keep having. :)

          But I don't know if it's more or less so than a world where they would tell the media and/or public exactly how it went down within a few months of the event.

          That all depends on what the managers allow us to say, and/or how much we value our jobs and careers.

      • Careful. Don't defend engineers too much, and especially not for these reasons. You sound like you're getting appropriately defensive of engineers being overriden by management, but the reality is this is a plant built in the 60s. We engineers aren't magical creatures. We certainly didn't through to the start of history get everything right, and a lot of things can rightfully be blamed on our ignorance.

        Now the question is could other engineers do better. At the time, the answer was likely no. Modern concept

      • The main pumps are in the 10,000 HP size, not easy to have backups or to power. Admittedly the emergency pumps are much smaller, but still huge and need huge generators. I agree, there needs to be more contingency and redundancy.

        Good. It being hard is certainly no reason not to do it.

        As an engineer (not nuke design) I get appropriately defensive whenever people blame things on engineers. It's never the engineers who make the decisions

        The engineers share the blame equally with the managers. The manager says "do this bad thing" and then the engineer does the bad thing, they are two parts of a whole. We all make choices.

    • With emotional responses instead of logical solutions. A pump stopped sending water? Why was that even a possibility? Why weren't there multiple fail-safes in place for something so critical and why wasn't it foreseen? Where were the engineers who considered the contingencies & planned ahead for them before the plant was even built. I mean you have a substance just giving off free energy and you don't have to do anything with it except boil some water and make steam and you got the spinning shaft upon which civilization was built.

      First of all, there were emergency pumps; the confused operators shut them down.

      There are also design decisions that make things safe(r) even if all the pumps fail.

      Like automatic scram - the control rods drop and hit the bottom, they soak up too many neutrons to let the chain reaction continue. (that did happen).

      Or, make the design depend on the water to slow down the neutrons - then if the water goes away, the neutrons don't get slowed down and the reactions stop. (I'm no expert on TMI, but it sounds to

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      The usual: Somebody thought their profits should be higher.

      Nuclear could have been made safe. But greed and stupidity ruined it.

  • RECs (Score:5, Interesting)

    by bobby ( 109046 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @09:18PM (#58561840)

    I'm not sure how I feel, but Exelon has a point. They're forced to buy renewable energy production credits https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)/ [wikipedia.org] from renewable energy producers (mostly solar and wind), including homeowners. The main reason is because renewables are (nearly) carbon free. But nuclear power generation produces little carbon, so they should get credit.

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      The amount of carbon produced by nuclear power depends heavily on where the fuel comes from and where it goes when it's spent. When you factor in some of the mining and transport operations it can have very high CO2 emissions per kWh.

      We really need to stop externalizing CO2 production and other costs.

      • by guruevi ( 827432 )

        Same goes for solar and wind, production includes heavy metals and rare minerals without feasible recycling.

      • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

        The amount of carbon produced by nuclear power depends heavily on where the fuel comes from and where it goes when it's spent. When you factor in some of the mining and transport operations it can have very high CO2 emissions per kWh.

        We really need to stop externalizing CO2 production and other costs.

        Yes, but the renewables industry no doubt would fight that since suddenly they are no longer a carbon free source of energy; given the operations needed to get the raw materials and build and transport them to a site also have CO2 emissions on a similar scale as others in quantity.

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          Renewables would have no need to fight it because they would still be the lowest of the available options. Any additional costs would be more than offset by the increased demand as other forms of energy get much, much more expensive.

  • by maroberts ( 15852 ) on Wednesday May 08, 2019 @10:51PM (#58562132) Homepage Journal

    Instead of directly subsidising Nuclear power, it should be possible to decide the unit price paid for electricity on a number of factors including availability and the carbon footprint required to produce it. This would create a system where nuclear would be a reasonable option for 'base load', and since it's not a specific subsidy for the nuclear industry, more acceptable to all.

    • Instead of directly subsidising Nuclear power, it should be possible to decide the unit price paid for electricity on a number of factors including availability and the carbon footprint required to produce it.

      We cannot have a fair market for electricity without fairly accounting for costs. Deciding on a price per Wh by fiat is insane. Decouple production from distribution, tax carbon (and other pollutant) release based on actual cost of cleanup, and let the market work out a fair solution. Nuclear costs more than wind+solar+battery; coal, gas and oil would all become cost-prohibitive with a carbon tax. Coal isn't economical if you have to scrub the thorium and uranium out of the exhaust, let alone the soot.

      Decou

  • The company argued that, in light of climate change and efforts to address it, the plant deserves compensation for the carbon-free electricity it produces.

    I can't believe this actually worked in several states, like the summary says. The plant already gets "compensation for the carbon-free electricity it produces" -- it's called "people paying their electric bill".

  • What bothers me isn't that it's being denied a bailout on grounds of economics or even on grounds of safety, but because a lobby for a competitor out-muscled them.

    I'm all for nuclear power plants being closed or at least government run, but what I'm not for is politics interfering in economics because some butthurt competitor wanted to drive them out of town.

  • "Exelon first announced it would close two years ago unless lawmakers stepped in to keep it open. "

    I guess every lawmaker just _loved_ the idea to be associated with such a recognizable brand like 'Three Mile Island'.

  • by JasterBobaMereel ( 1102861 ) on Thursday May 09, 2019 @08:12AM (#58563308)

    This is about closing TM-1 not TM-2 which had the accident ...

    TM-1 is 45 years old, and is of a very old design it has been upgraded but is woefully inefficient

    The industry is fine except it has a lot of these very old, legacy systems still in operation costing a lot to run

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