A Computer Called LEO 103
A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Tea Shops and the World's First Office Computer | |
author | Georgina Ferry |
pages | 221 |
publisher | Fourth Estate, London |
rating | 9 |
reviewer | Peter Flynn |
ISBN | 1841151858 |
summary | A fascinating tale of the development of the world's first real business computer from the 1940s to the 1980s |
In the early mists of computing -- pre-WWII, during, and immediately afterwards -- only a few scientists were really aware of what a computer was or could be, and no-one considered a computer to be anything other than a scientific or military tool. Except one man, John Simmons, a progressive and enthusiastic manager for the Lyons tea-shop empire in Britain, who also happened to be a brilliant mathematician and zealous proponent of the principles of scientific management.
Georgina Ferry tells the full story of how the young Simmons saw the need for automation as early as the 1930s. The monstrous task of accountants' clerks adding up copies of all the waitresses' bills for 250 tea-shops was done with mechanical calculators, and his dream was of removing this drudgery by automation.
He had seen the future of mechanical automation on a trip to the USA in the 20s, but it wasn't until after WWII that he was able to send two trusted lieutenants on an electronic fact-finding mission which included meeting Herman Goldstine, godfather of ENIAC, at Princeton. The resulting enthusiastic report, and a visit to Douglas Hartree at Cambridge, England, enabled Simmons to persuade the Board of Lyons to let him build a computer from scratch.
Post-war Britain had no dollars to buy American computers, but more tellingly, computers were viewed in the US and England by their scientific and mathematical fathers as tools of science. Simmons saw them as tools of business, and astonished them all by building one to do business processing.
The Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) was started in 1949 and entered service in 1951 with punched tape, mercury delay lines, and a program to analyze costs in the Bakery of the tea-shop business. It thus became the first purpose-designed business computer, years ahead of the first US business system (GE's 1954 UNIVAC).
It was so successful that Lyons set up a subsidiary to make and sell them to British industry. LEO spawned LEO II and eventually LEO III, which offered true multiprocessing. Sadly, British industry was slow to grasp the opportunity. Leo Computers had some notable and significant sales through the 50s and into the 60s, including winning the biggest commercial data-processing contract in Europe at the time (to the UK Post Office in 1964), but the Lyons Board eventually sold off their subsidiary, and it passed through mergers and acquisitions into ICL and oblivion, but that big PO contract was so successful that the Post Office persuaded ICL in 1969 to make five last LEO 326s which continued in service until 1981!
Ferry has managed to condense a 30-year technological saga into a thoroughly readable and hugely entertaining book without neglecting the underlying causes of Simmons' original quest to improve business efficiency. Her descriptions of the contributory threads of UK and US computer development are succinct and accurate, and they balance her careful explanations of the hugely complex world of running a large catering business manually, the complex interplay of family-business relationships, and the differences between UK and US commercial ethos in the post-war period.
At this distance in time, Ferry has been fortunate to have been able to include material verbatim from many of the people directly involved, so there is an air of immediacy which you don't get in books on earlier science. There's a full list of sources and a detailed index, and numerous photographs taken at the time. This all makes the book valuable on several levels, and it would make a great gift to anyone in business as well as computing.
Georgina Ferry is a science journalist and author, and has written accounts of scientific achievements in several fields. Recent contributions include a Life of the only woman Nobel laureate, and co-authorship of a book on the social and political aspects of work on the Genome. The BBC has a bio here. A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Tea Shops and the World's First Office Computer is available from Amazon UK. Slashdot welcomes readers' book reviews -- to see your own review here, read the book review guidelines, then visit the submission page.
Re:Actual Question (Score:1)
Re:Actual Question (Score:1)
Colossus (Score:5, Interesting)
See http://www.picotech.com/applications/colossus.html for details of what British engineers achieved before ENIAC existed.
Re:Colossus (Score:2)
Define "computer" (Score:3, Interesting)
The Colossus was an important achievement. But, like many inventions, it was not without predecessors in some form or another.
Re:Define "computer" (Score:2)
"Obey me and live, or disobey and die"
I know this will get modded offtopic so I was going to AC post it, but
graspee
Re:Define "computer" (Score:2)
Good thing we have Victor Newman [imdb.com] to save us from the terror of Colossus :)
(I noticed the lack of AC posting too. Fortunately, mods usually ignore offtopic stuff posted at 1).
Re:Define "computer" (Score:1)
I'm going to propose something a bit heretical. When I consider what "computer" means to us now, I think these early machines might be better called "proto-computers". The word "computer" makes me think of a fully el
Re:Colossus (Score:3, Interesting)
As far as those in authority were concerned "the boffins did it". As far as they were concerned, there was no interest in examining what they had done and deciding if it should be released. Bear in mind also the Cold War was opening up; many at that time thought there would be a shooting war within a decade, and opening military at that time was a non-starter.
In short, you can't really blame them. It would be fifty years before
Re:Colossus (Score:1)
The idea that Colossus would be irrelevent because of further strides in computing very quickly did not enter into the minds of the civil servants who kept it secret. The idea that there was commercial advantage to be gained from it also did not enter into their minds.
And amazingly, that it too
Keeping Colossus a secret (Score:1)
Remember, Colossus was developed as a code-breaking enterprise, not as a computing project. British ability to read German codes was very important in winning the war. Afterward, Britain faced the threat of Stalin's Soviet Union, and the Soviets did a great deal of spying. So at the time it must have seemed quite prudent to prevent the Soviets from learning about Britain's code-breaking
Re:Keeping Colossus a secret (Score:2)
it must have seemed quite prudent to prevent the Soviets from learning about Britain's code-breaking experience and expertise
A good hypothesis, but one that assumes that Colossus continued to be important to the British intelligence services. However, at the end of World War Two, Colossus was simply scrapped and its creators moved to unrelated projects. So Britain did pay a price as the valuable experience gathered during the Colossus project was wasted - its creators banned from furthering their acheive
IBM vs Lyons (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:IBM vs Lyons (Score:1)
Like destroying Colossus [alanturing.net] at the end of WWII?
Re:IBM vs Lyons (Score:2)
http://news.com.com/2009-1082-269157.html
-Nano.
computers and tea (Score:5, Funny)
Timothy, go get a dictionary... (Score:2, Funny)
Re:Timothy, go get a dictionary... (Score:1)
forgive him (Score:2)
Re:forgive him (Score:1)
Re:Timothy, go get a dictionary... (Score:2, Funny)
Re:Timothy, go get a dictionary... (Score:2)
Too soon (Score:4, Funny)
LEO would have been a great success had John Carmack been around to write Quake for it. Of course the cost of the paper spewing out of the machine would have been prohibitive.
Real Linux Nerds... (Score:3, Funny)
Re:Brits are worthless... (Score:4, Interesting)
Still, if we're worthless, you won't want us to join in any of your military adventures, even if only to lend a respectable gloss to what you're up to. We actually had more of our boys killed by your lot than the Iraqis
Re:Brits are worthless... (Score:1)
More Brit soldiers were killed by US soldiers in blue on blue fire than by the Iraqis.
Re:Brits are worthless... (Score:1)
I was commenting on this guy:
(#5863161)
Re:Brits are worthless... (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:Brits are worthless... (Score:1)
Brits are NOT worthless... (Score:1)
Re:Brits are NOT worthless... (Score:1)
Storage Technologies (Score:2)
Rus
Re:Storage Technologies (Score:2)
I remember when we used to have to type at a keyboard and read words on a screen. Hold on a second, my direct cranial connection is loose.
Re:Storage Technologies (Score:1)
Re:Storage Technologies (Score:2)
Re:Storage Technologies (Score:3, Interesting)
If I recall correctly, they managed to cram ana amazing 50k of data onto a drum.
Re:Storage Technologies (Score:1)
Magnetic drums (Score:2, Interesting)
Magnetic drums weren't used for quite the same purposes as disks, though. Disks were for file storage, but drums were more often used as a low spe
Naivety. (Score:2)
Early computers were people, they computed log tables. But they used to make mistakes, so Babbage designed a mechanical device to do the job. It was never completed and other such machines failed do to the inaccuracy of metal work back then.
So I think you need to revise you dumb troll opinions on who are the godfathers of computing.
Sure the US was arguably the first nation to produce a programmable electronic computer, the UK built electr
Re:Naivety. (Score:1)
You miss the point: the UK built the first electronic computing devices (before the US), AND the UK also built the first programmable computing devices. ENIAC was a toy.
r.
So don't keep up hangin'.... (Score:2)
could it be? nah. (Score:2)
Morgon Webb, will you marry me?
Re:could it be? nah. (Score:1)
Leo Computer Society (Score:5, Informative)
Y'know, that Leo 1 desk looks awfully like the computer that terrorized Emma Peel [dissolute.com.au] in The House that Jack Built [theavengers.tv]. Spooky!
First business computer? (Score:2)
GE Univac? (Score:5, Informative)
General Electric did not create the Univac, it was Mauchley and Eckert for Remington Rand.
BTW - My dad used to work for GE computers. I had a Multics terminal in my house as a kid. Learned how program that way.
Dang, I'm old...
Re:GE Univac? (Score:2)
In 1950, Eckert and Mauchly were bailed out of financial trouble by Remington Rand Inc. (manufacturers of electric razors), and the "Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation" became the "Univac Division of Remington Rand." Remington Rand's lawyers unsuccessfully tried to re-negotiate the government contract for additional money. Under threat of legal action, however, Remington Rand had no choice but to complete the UNIVAC at the original price.
BTW - My first computer-rel
Re:GE Univac? (Score:1)
Amazing stuff (Score:4, Funny)
And here I sit, watching the secretary on her 2,4GHz P4... playing freakin' freecell.
Ahhhh... (Score:2)
To set the record straight for those who call tea girly, no product which for its aquisition entailed the conquest and enslavement of an entire (sub)continent can be called girly... Even if I drink it out of cute little porcelain cups with my cute teapot. It's still manly. Arrrrghhh (manly grunt)
LEO. . . (Score:4, Funny)
Law Enforcement Officer?
Re:LEO. . . (Score:1)
Same for me, different meaning:
Low Earth Orbit (common acronym used in orbital mechanics)
Re:LEO. . . (Score:1)
The English Electric Leo-Marconi KDF9 (Score:3, Informative)
The Burroughs 5500 was a very similar stack machine from the late 1950s, but was more successful commercially. It was produced in quantity, had a good OS (the Master Control Program), and did the back-office work of many banks for a decade. It was even a shared-memory multiprocessor.
Re:The English Electric Leo-Marconi KDF9 (Score:1)
Was this the computer in TRON??
George, too (Score:4, Interesting)
George-III had some multi-user features, but mostly they used it just for multi-processing.
VME-K and VME-B which were meant to be new OS's inherited quite a bit of George and were still in use till at least the late-80's on 2900 and 3900 series ICL kit.
Imagine MS-DOS at 40 years old? Eyyyyhhhh!
Re:George, too (Score:1)
Imagine MS-DOS at 40 years old? Eyyyyhhhh!
Funny you should put it that way, the original DOS for the IBM 360 (maybe even worse than MS-DOS IMHO) is almost 40 years old now. And its successor DOS/VSE is still in use.
Re:George, too (Score:2)
Slowly.
Still it had rather less memory than my mobile phone.
However it had quite a nice file system which featured an automatic archiver (filesweeper) that ensured that anything you wanted was sitting on tape and a day's restore away! Still it came with ISAM by default, and had some useful features. Command processing was also a lot easier than with IBM.
Electronic Abacus (Score:1)
Available in U.S.? (Score:2)
This doesn't appear be available online from usual [amazon.com] suspects [bn.com]. It can be ordered from the UK version of Amazon, but who _really_ wants to pay shipping on that?
Re:Available in U.S.? (Score:1)
I have parts ot two LEOs... (Score:3, Interesting)
early network (Score:2)
[ducks]
Another book about LEO (Score:1)
Online paper about the business case for LEO 1... (Score:1)
If you want to read more about LEO 1, here's a paper [nickpelling.com] I wrote last year discussing the business case for it.
OK, it was for Uni, but what the hey - Walter Skok gave it 80%, so at least one nerd out there likes it.
Cheers,
[*] *sigh* Walter, I guess I owe you a drink for that...
Re:Location (Score:1)
More on LEO and Lyons... (Score:1)