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'30 Year Laptop Battery' is Unscientific Myth

Posted by Zonk on Tue Oct 02, 2007 08:21 AM
from the be-nice-though-wouldn't-it dept.
An anonymous reader wrote to mention the wonderful news: "A research group funded by U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory is developing a battery which can provide continuous power to your laptop for 30 years! Betavoltaic power cells are constructed from semiconductors and use radioisotopes as the energy source..." Except, not so much. ZDNet's Mixed Signals blog with Rupert Goodwins explains why (as always) if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is: "The sort of atomic structures that generate power when bombarded with high energy electrons are the sort that tend to fall apart when bombarded with high energy electrons. While solar cells have the same problem, it's to a much lesser extent. There's a lot of research into making materials that don't suffer so much, but it remains a serious issue ... while it's true that a tritium-powered battery will eventually turn into an inert, safe lump of nothing much, and while it's also true that a modest amount of shielding will keep the radioactivity within the the battery the while, there's the small problem that if you break the battery during its life the nasties come out."
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  • I think.. (Score:5, Funny)

    by z0idberg (888892) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:23AM (#20821915)
    the nastiest came out and broke your grammar checker.
    • by z0idberg (888892) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:25AM (#20821939)
      and my preview button.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:37AM (#20822101)
      When I was young, before the first war, we didn't have them fancy grammar checkers or spelling checkers. When we had a paper due for our teacher, we had to look up the ASCII codes manually (most of us memorized like our multiplication tables) while punching holes in cards to feed into our mechanical computer. The grammar and spelling checker was YOU! We didn't have batteries. We had to power our computers by connecting them to mills near powerful dams. And we liked it! Then we had to manually ink our ribbon before printing. And when we went to school, we often lost our papers because it was so cold. And the roads were uphill both ways!

      Get off my lawn!

      *shakes cane*
  • Laptop? (Score:5, Funny)

    by The Aethereal (1160051) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:23AM (#20821923)
    Yeah, my lap is exactly where I want to put something radioactive.
    • Re:Laptop? (Score:5, Informative)

      by SatanicPuppy (611928) * <[moc.liamg] [ta] [yppupcinataS]> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:31AM (#20822007) Journal
      Meh. It's a beta emitter; beta radiation is completely harmless to humans as long as you have a nice layer of skin between you and it.

      However, when it gets into the body it is EXTREMELY harmful, so the worry is that people will break the batteries open and release toxic crap into the environment where it can be inhaled/ingested.
      • Re:Laptop? (Score:4, Funny)

        by tomhudson (43916) <hudson AT videotron DOT ca> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:35AM (#20822063) Journal
        > "Meh. It's a beta emitter; beta radiation is completely harmless to humans as long as you have a nice layer of skin between you and it.

        However, when it gets into the body it is EXTREMELY harmful, so the worry is that people will break the batteries open and release toxic crap into the environment where it can be inhaled/ingested.

        So if you thought laptop battery fires were dangerous before, these are a terrorist wet dream made to order ...

        • Re:Laptop? (Score:5, Informative)

          by SatanicPuppy (611928) * <[moc.liamg] [ta] [yppupcinataS]> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:46AM (#20822235) Journal
          It's not significant really. The amount of tritium in this, even concentrated, is pretty low, and would make a really poor weapon...On the order of throwing florescent bulbs at someone to try to poison them with Mercury vapor. It also disperses pretty quickly, so the lasting effect is minimal in the area.

          Tritium is available in the environment already; it's a naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, and it's half life is pretty low (~12 years).
            • Re:Laptop? (Score:4, Informative)

              by BigDogCH (760290) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @09:47AM (#20823113) Journal
              Yeah, solutions like this do seem to bring more problems. Frustrating really.

              On a side note, our first CF bulbs didn't seem to last. They were kept inside of glass fixtures. We got another batch, and new fixtures (the old ones were a fire hazard anyway). These are open fixtures, and so I assume the bulbs stay a lot cooler. We have yet to burn up a single CF, after 3.5 years...and these new ones seem brighter than the old ones. Also, make sure they are not on a dimmer. That can make them die early I believe.
              • Re:Laptop? (Score:5, Informative)

                by Rei (128717) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @11:55AM (#20825121) Homepage
                How is this "bringing more problems"? Businesses have used fluorescent lighting for years. You're only hearing about this issue now because it's a change in peoples' homes. When was the last time you saw people in such a panic about mercury thermometers or thermostats? Yet they contain *hundreds* of times more mercury than a standard CFL with its 5 *milligrams* of mercury. And the amount of mercury is dropping; Phillips is down to 2 milligrams [wikipedia.org]. Even going with 5mg, a CFL releases less mercury even if you were to take after it died, smash it, and aerosolize all of its contents, than if you used a normal incandescent for that time; A coal plant will release 10-15mg of mercury over the lifespan of an incandescent, and only 2.5-4 for the CFL. Coal produces over half of our electricity. And we're only talking about mercury here. As for all other pollutants, CFLs are way, way ahead because of their lower energy consumption. And this all assumes that all of the mercury from a CFL ends up in the environment.

                You really have to take an extremely biased view for CFLs to come out worse than incandescents.
            • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

              Stop putting CFLs in your bathroom. They might have "lifetime hours" printed on the packaging to be able to compare them to incandescent, but the mechanism for failure is quite different.

              The incandescent will fail after roughly the specified number hours no matter how you use it*. The fluorescent will fail after a number of starts equivalent to moderate usage over that specified number of hours. If you conserve starts, they should last for far longer than the indicated time. If you flip them on&off
            • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

              Also, I'm finding that the "newer" CF bulbs have lower light output and greatly reduced lifetimes.

              That's more quality control than anything else. As demand for CFLs has increased, more and more no-name manufacturers are trying to get in on the action. Increasingly, they are skimping on quality control to try to appeal to price conscious consumers.

            • Re:Laptop? (Score:5, Interesting)

              by cduffy (652) <charles+slashdot@dyfis.net> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @10:06AM (#20823425)

              Actually, the mercury in CF bulbs is going to be a significant problem.
              Overblown. A CFL powered by a coal-burning power plant results in a significant net reduction in mercury put into the environment -- that from the bulb itself is far more than offset by the mercury not released by the plant.
              • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

                In addition, with the CF, there's a non-zero probability of the mercury remaining sequestered in the glass tube. Even better, we COULD set up a recycling program. Burning coal disperses 100% of the mercury into the environment with little hope of recovery unless you count bioaccumulation in human beings as recovery.

                • Re: (Score:3, Funny)

                  It's obviously mated to a 1 farad resistor to make a nice bandpass filter :)
            • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

              It doesn't really work that way...I mean, plutonium has a frick-ton of potential energy, but it's not going to catch fire and explode your house under normal circumstances.

              The same goes double for tritium, because tritium is relatively innocuous as far as radioactive materials go. Tritium is a hydrogen isotope...That means if its out in the environment it's probably either going to be a gas or a liquid, and that gas is going to be chemically very similar to hydrogen gas(it'll have 1 extra proton and be a we
              • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

                Try two extra neutrons. One extra neutron would make it deuterium. One extra proton would make it Helium-2 (which is non-existant).
        • Eh. (Score:3, Interesting)

          They can be dangerous, but the precautions recommended for working safely, even with high energy, low half-life beta emitters like Phosphorous-32, are usually things you'd do anyway. People are already really irrational about radiation; if you say "dangerous" they think, "Melt your face off/make you sterile" not "Wear gloves and goggles."

          Beta emitters (especially like [32]P) are bad news if consumed, but as long as there is something in between you and it, you're probably fine.
    • by NotQuiteReal (608241) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:50AM (#20822285) Journal
      Don't be so afraid of radiation.

      A larger pool of mutants means more chance of a favorable adaptation, right?

      We can't be so selfish - think of the children.

      Everyone talks about evolution but nobody does anything about it.

  • by alexj33 (968322) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:25AM (#20821941)
    Mr. LaForge: We're trapped by the aliens!

    Wesley Crusher: Wait! We only need to realize that the sort of atomic structures that generate power when bombarded with high energy electrons are the sort that tend to fall apart when bombarded with high energy electrons.

    Mr. LaForge: That.... could.... destabilize the aliens death ray....!

    Wesley: Yeah, just like in the academy.

    Picard: Make it so.
      • Several hundred times a second.
      • "But where does reversing the polarity of the electron beam come in?"

        It doesn't.

        However, the 3rd Doctor was oft fond of "reversing the polarity of the neutron flow".
  • Ok. (Score:3, Insightful)

    by AltGrendel (175092) <<ag-slashdot> <at> <exit0.us>> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:27AM (#20821965) Homepage

    ...while it's also true that a modest amount of shielding will keep the radioactivity within the the battery the while, there's the small problem that if you break the battery during its life the nasties come out."

    That's generally true anyway.

  • by elrous0 (869638) * on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:29AM (#20821979)
    Anytime anyone promises a leap in technology with an order of magnitude of improvement, it's almost always BS. Think about it, the only two possible exceptions to this in the whole of the 20th century were the atomic/hydrogen bombs and possibly the internet. Con men always give themselves away by promising too much (You're not only going to make a profit by giving your money to me, you're going to make a 10000% return!).
        • Re: (Score:3, Funny)

          Don't exaggerate. Plenty of technologies were working fine with tubes. The most significant thing was electrification.

          Well it wasn't great at the start, but then we hooked the tubes up in series.
  • ...um.... (Score:5, Funny)

    by i_b_don (1049110) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:29AM (#20821991)
    I don't know about you ... but for ANYTHING radioactive that I'm going to be sticking on my lap I want more than a "modest" amount of shielding thank you very much.

    don
  • by R2.0 (532027) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:31AM (#20822013)
    Did an editor ACTUALLY CHECK on the facts of a story before posting?

    Cue the porcine aviators...
    • It's a tenth anniversary thing. The editors are showing is what Slashdot might have been. Tomorrow they'll post a story that is still recent enough to count as news. Next week it will be back to normal.
  • The Einstein rule (Score:5, Insightful)

    by lawpoop (604919) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:33AM (#20822041) Homepage Journal
    Anytime you see a reference to Einstein, or the e=mc^2 equation [nextenergynews.com], there's a good chance that the exciting new technology is bunk.

    . The reason the battery lasts so long is that neutron beta-decay into protons is the world's most concentrated source of electricity, truly demonstrating Einstein's theory E=MC2.
    Can we formalize this rule? It could be as important as Godwin's for understanding internet discourse.
    • by fredrikj (629833) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:46AM (#20822245) Homepage
      Yes, let's call it lawpoop's law. That sounds really good.
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      I would say more generally, that any time someone references that equation, there's something wrong with the claim/argument they're making.

      Of course, it's not really true. Every once in a blue moon, it makes sense to actually cite that "E=mc^2". But it's so rare that the equation is actually applicable, and even when it is the equation itself is so rarely helpful. I mean, ok, you're talking about a nuclear reaction, but do we actually need to know the ratio of energy to mass? Are we going to be doing c

  • by ahfoo (223186) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:33AM (#20822043) Journal
    That in sending radioactive products into the marketplace you could assume consumers would then take responsibility to make sure the products were disposed of properly.
            That part was what really disgusted me when I saw that story yesterday. If the serious plastic waste problems in the oceans don't provide ample evidence that you can't control where products end up then there are hundreds of other examples including groundwater contamination in countries across the globe from selenium and other fun stuff that are essential in consumer electronics yet toxic when dispersed into the environment at the end of their useful lives which tend to be numbered in months rather than years with defective by design components like capacitors that have shelf lives like groceries.
            I googled it a bit and I read that the half life in these things was like twelve hundred years. Maybe I was missing the dot in there and it was only twelve years but even so that's far longer than the life of a consumer electronics device.
    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      I googled it a bit and I read that the half life in these things was like twelve hundred years.

      12.5 years not 1200. this isn't an unreasonable number when you consider people can use the battery long after the device it was originally in is in the local city dump. especially if there is a bit of a cost to them, which there likely is. if they do throw it away, the radiation will decrease by nearly 300 fold in less than 100 years. we can make containers good enough to survive at least that long in a dump

    • by Verte (1053342) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:49AM (#20822265)
      On the other hand, the Lithium in your current battery will remain deadly forever.
  • by wizardforce (1005805) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:37AM (#20822113) Journal
    the article is correct that radiation destroys semiconductor efficiency although not all "nuclear battery" designs involve semiconductors. space probes sometimes use a chunk of radioactive material that has shielding around it while the energy released is in the form of heat. this heat [temperature gradient] is harnessed by a thermoelectric materal- basically it consists of several layers of different metals that produce a voltage potential in response to a temperature gradient. the advantage in this is that you can use metal as shielding and not relatively fragile semiconductor material. although you need a radioisotope that can generate enough heat from decay to be useful- tritium's half-life is about 12 years so it might qualify, although a better solution might be a solid unless they use T2O, ditritium monoxide, which is "superheavy water"
  • A couple things... (Score:4, Interesting)

    by mlwmohawk (801821) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:46AM (#20822243)
    When an old scientist says something is possible, he is probably right. When an old scientist says something is impossible he is probably wrong. (I'll let you ponder the seeming paradox, but you'd have to know some old scientists to really get it.)

    We already have "dirty" nuclear materials in the hands of consumers: some types of smoke detectors, lead paint detectors, x-ray machines, and some other things.

    If someone wanted to make a dirty bomb, a few thousand dollars worth of the right smoke detectors would do perfectly.

  • by curmudgeous (710771) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:57AM (#20822383)
    Defense contractors are always coming up with wonderful sounding ideas that are completely impractical. For example, in 1999 a company called Stavatti presented the DoD a design for a portable laser rifle suitable for use by common infantry. The device was to be powered by...wait for it... polonium (PO-210). An excerpt from the proposal:

    "...To increase the energy level of the CO2 N2 He gas mixture, a Zirconium-Nickel fuel rod approximately 40cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter containing approximately 740 grams (78cc) of Polonium-210 (Po-210) is contained within, and located down the centerline of, the cylindrical gas reservoir. The Po-210 provides a thermal energy source of approximately 141 watts/gram through the emission of alpha particles via the process of nuclear decay. This energy source provides a significant power density while alleviating the shielding requirements and apparent health risks associated with gamma ray emitting radionuclides. The presence of the Po-210 in the reservoir chamber will result in the delivery of approximately 104.34 kW to the CO2 N2 He gas mixture, thereby raising the gas to a state of thermal equilibrium corresponding to an internal reservoir pressure of approximately 272.1 atm, temperature of 2173.16 K and gas density of 44 kg/m3..."

    You may recall that a few micrograms of PO-210 were used to kill that guy in London about a year ago, and this company has proposed putting .75 kg in a rifle that would be subject to damage, destruction and dispersal on the battlefield.

    The paper describing the laser rifle can be found here:

    http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:SEji6Jn6-4AJ:www.defensereview.com/352003/TIS1.pdf+pumped+polonium+laser+rifle&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us [209.85.165.104]
  • by Henry V .009 (518000) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @09:29AM (#20822853) Journal
    It's impossible to make long-term power sources from radioisotopes? Uh oh, somebody better tell the CIA that their spy satellites are going to start falling out of the sky any day now.

    The article is actually better than the slashdot headline -- it gives reasons why nuclear laptop batteries seem to be commercially impractical (though I can imagine military applications), but doesn't call them an unscientific myth.
  • by timholman (71886) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @09:39AM (#20822983)
    The betavoltaic battery is nothing more than pseudoscience. It's higher quality pseudoscience than junk such as zero-point free energy generators or gravity wheel generators, but it is pseudoscience nonetheless. Every few years you see these sorts of claims about betavoltaic devices pop up again, then fade away.

    Despite years of claims, no one has ever come close to demonstrating a device with the sort of power densities claimed in the article. Furthermore, the biggest proponent of betavoltaic technology is Ruggero Santilli, an infamous pseudoscientist with a litany of nutty claims and bizarre theories of physics.

    If you look at the web pages of the companies that are involved in betavoltaics (e.g. betavoltaic.com or nuclearsolutions.com), you'll find that they have no physical facilities outside of a rented post office box or the home of one of the principals. None of them have any product to sell or even demo. I don't expect that will ever change.

  • by dpbsmith (263124) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @09:40AM (#20823005) Homepage
    ...a nuclear plant official explained at a stockholders' meeting in the eighties.

    They just needed to keep the waste in an onsite holding pool for a few years, and then the government would take over. He explained that the U. S. Government made a firm commitment (he may even have mentioned a contract) to accept the plant's waste starting in 1998, when the Yucca Flats facility would begin operating.

    So, what's the problem? All we need to do is make it easy for consumers to mail their dead radioactive batteries to the Yucca Flats facility.

    Oh, wait...

    (If he were still alive consumers could also mail them to Ronald Reagan, who stated at one point that if properly processed a year's worth of nuclear waste from a nuclear power plant could be stored under a desk...)
  • by AWeishaupt (917501) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @09:42AM (#20823035)
    Bremsstrahlung x-ray radiation is a problem working around high-energy beta emitting radioisotopes, such as Phosphorus-32, but not Tritium, which is a very low energy beta emitter. Betavoltaics are real, workable technology; not science fiction or junk science. Cardiac pacemakers using Plutonium-238 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators are also a proven, decades old technology, too, for example. Tritium is an extremely low energy beta emitter. Given this, and the very short biological half-life of water in the body, it is one of the least harmful radioisotopes around. It occurs to a very small degree in nature, and is already used in radioluminescent watches, exit signs, gunsights, keyrings, compasses and such forth. The beta emission from Tritium is so low in energy that most radiation detection instruments will not detect it - only mixing the radioactive material with the scintillation cocktail in a liquid scintillation counter is sensitive enough to detect it. A gamma spectrometer, scintillation counter, geiger counter, ion chamber counter or detector won't even notice it.
  • by Ancient_Hacker (751168) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @10:12AM (#20823503)
    Beta emitter.... Hmmm, that's superbly amenable to mathematical analysis. You see each beta particle is an electron, and there's 6.2.. x 10^18 of them per second in an Ampere. So if you want a radioactive source that's putting out that many electrons per second, and one Curie, one gram of Radium, is 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second. My advanced math, i.e. division, we need about 1.67 x 10^8 Curies of radioactivity. That's kinda a lot. There's only about HALF of that amount of radioactivity in all the nuclear waste tanks at Hanford.

    Kinda impractical to stuff your laptop with several million gallons of radioactive waste.

    • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

      Sure, if the beta particles were captured and used as the current output of the battery, your calculations would be reasonable. If the beta particle has plenty of energy though, wouldn't it be able to dislodge more than one electron in whatever medium captured it? What's the mean free path through silicon of a beta particle somewhere in the middle of the energy spectrum for Radium's emissions?

      It might only take one hundredth of Hanford's waste...
      • by Ancient_Hacker (751168) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @11:26AM (#20824629)
        >wouldn't it be able to dislodge more than one electron in whatever medium captured it? Wow! Somebody that knows about secondary emission! That would be a great idea, trade off energy (voltage) for more electrons (current). Sorry to say though, IIRC the betas come off at about 300eV, so even if you put them through a 64x electron cascade, down to 5 volts, you'd still need 1/30th of Hanford to get an Amp.
      • Sub != Laptop (Score:5, Informative)

        by SatanicPuppy (611928) * <[moc.liamg] [ta] [yppupcinataS]> on Tuesday October 02 2007, @08:41AM (#20822161) Journal
        The power demands are wildly different between a fricking SUB and a fricking LAPTOP. The power generation is also far different; subs have active fission piles, they're literally mobile nuke reactors.

        Atomic batteries, on the other hand, are just storage for existing nuclear material. They generate electricity as part of the radioactive decay process, either by using the heat generated by the decay, or by harvesting the incident energy of the decay process.

        Types of radioisotope batteries (like RTG's [wikipedia.org]) have been used in the space program forever.
    • And it's already in your groundwater. Tritium is Hydrogen-3, and though it's not (obviously) the most common form of hydrogen in our environment, it does exist naturally. It doesn't bind to your body if you drink it, which makes it a lot better than a lot of crap that ends up in our water, and it has a short halflife, so assuming that the batteries manage to hold together for the supposed 30 years, the amount of radioactive material available to leak out into the environment will have already dropped by mor
    • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

      Interesting question: How much battery life does a laptop need?

      The obvious answer is the lifetime of the laptop. For me, that would be about three-four years. A lot less than thirty. Even that is a bit long though. I may use a laptop for three years, but I don't use it away from mains power for three years. Most days, I sleep somewhere with mains power so I could easily charge it overnight. If I sleep 8 hours a day, then 16 hours of battery life would be enough. This doesn't count travelling, howeve

      • by BlueParrot (965239) on Tuesday October 02 2007, @10:39AM (#20823895)

        From a danger standpoint, anything with an energy density that high is risky.


        This is another of those hard to die myths that will have to be debunked over and over again. Consider:

        a)Butter has a higher energy density than a laptop battery
        b)The hydrogen in a cup of water, if fusioned all the way to iron, would release enough energy to flatten a city ( or power it for our entire lifetime).
        c)A lithium battery holding 0 charge is just as flamable and dangerous as a fully charged one.

        I think this myth came about because people figured nuclear = dangerous, and Li-ion = dangerous. In reality things are far from that simple. It is not the energy density of Li-ion batteries that cause them to explode, as an example, it is the fact that they contain lithium, which is a very reactive alkali metal. As I already mentioned, a completely depleted Li-ion battery could still catch fire, and if you pulverised it and poured water on it, it would literarely explode as the liberated hydrogen ignited.

        For a car, you could vitrify an isotope like Plutonium-238, forming a very inert ceramic rod which would produce heat at a perfectly predictable rate. It would also be very safe since even if the ZOMG terrorists tried to use it in a dirty bomb, the inert nature of the ceramic would keep the plutonium contained, and as a pure alpha-emitter enclosed in a ceramic, there would be virtually no mentionable radiation release. To give you an idea of how safe such a device could be. They have been used to power pacemakers.

        It would also be absolutely useless for a nuclear weapon, even if the pure Pu-238 could be recovered, since weapons need very pure Pu-239. Just the heat generated from Pu-238 would make a fission weapon virtually impossible, and the neutronic properties make it absolutely useless.

        The only reasonable risk I could see from such a device would be if it was left in a very enclosed space so that the heat generated would start a fire. This is however a fairly limited engineering problem which is not unique to RTGs. Similar precautions are needed for electric heaters and engines.

        Main disadvantage is the ( at present ) fairly high price of Pu-238. Producing it in quantity is a fairly complex process, and it would probably be a lot cheaper to just use regular battery electric vehicles.