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Ultra Fast Disk Drives With No Moving Parts

Posted by CmdrTaco on Mon Aug 16, 2004 08:52 AM
from the shake-it-all-you-want dept.
saccade.com writes "Let's face it, the slowest part of PC's today is the disk drive. Bit Micro has come up with a nifty solution - flash memory based disk drives available in typical disk form-factors. These e-disks are electrically compatible with ATA, SCSI, etc. but run orders of magnitude faster - access times down to 40 usec and transfer rates over 100 MB/sec. What's the catch? Cost. Currently going for just under $1K/G, a 30G model I recently held in my hand was worth much more than my car. However, as flash memory prices drop, so do the price of these drives. Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT."
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  • Not that new. (Score:5, Informative)

    This isn't exactly new [google.com]. They've come down substantially in price and gone up in volume, but these have been around for years. It is my understanding that the most significant use was (is?) laptop drives for extremely rugged, shock-resistant portables.
    • Re:Not that new. (Score:4, Interesting)

      by Nos. (179609) <andrewNO@SPAMthekerrs.ca> on Monday August 16 2004, @08:55AM (#9979828) Homepage
      Maybe not, but if they start going a little bit mainstream, we'll start to see the cost go down. I know I've thought about using some sort of flash device for my boot drive just to have extremely fast boots.
    • $1K/G,
      Just SAY IT - a whooping 1,000 $ for 1 crappy GB! No thanks I'll stick with my s-ata, and if that gives me any more issues, I'll get rid of that too, and use IDE
    • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Insightful)

      by bsd4me (759597) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:59AM (#9979875)

      They also have industrial uses. They get used in places where the gyroscopic effect of a normal drive would be undesirable, or the vibration caused is undesirable.

      Personally, I don't think the price will come down that much. FLASH devices (the actual chips) are used in a ton of places. In the past there have been shortages of the devices, and IIRC the cell phone manufacurers are the largest buyers of them.

      • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Informative)

        by TMLink (177732) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:15AM (#9980040)
        Prices won't come down? Isn't the widespread usage an incentive for companies to improve their processes to increase the capacity and reduce the cost of making flash memory?
        • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Interesting)

          by b-baggins (610215) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:33AM (#9980228) Journal
          Not always. Sometimes things are expensive because they are technically difficult to manufacture, or because the raw materials are expensive, or because the environmental regulations are expensive.

          memory chips require many expensive and hazardous chemicals to manufacture like fuming sulfuric acid for dissolving the photoresist inks and hydroflouric acid for etching the circuits. These chemicals have a large environmental regulation cost associated with them that's not going to go down any time in the forseeable future and is entirely outside the control of any manufacturing process.
          • Re:Not that new. (Score:4, Interesting)

            by gfxguy (98788) on Monday August 16 2004, @10:06AM (#9980681)
            "...and is entirely outside the control of any manufacturing process."

            ANY process? I think that was the point - if someone can come up with a new process, we could reduce costs. The more these are used, the more incentive there is to research new processes.

            As far as I can recall, there ARE people working on alternatives to memory as we know it.

            The same thing happened with LCDs, as pointed out - CRTs have a bottom line cost - the cost of the components have a bottom line that means that LCDs should, at some point, be cheaper - the processes are still be refined and improved, and there's not a whole lot of leeway anymore with CRTs.
            • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Interesting)

              by networkBoy (774728) on Monday August 16 2004, @10:28AM (#9980965) Homepage Journal
              As far as I can recall, there ARE people working on alternatives to memory as we know it

              Without giving away too much (and getting fired in the process) there is a whole new tech on the horizon. It still uses all the nasty chemicles, but in traditional flash memory, the chip is broken into three major components:

              charge punps (to provide the 9.5-12 volts required to program the chip from the punny 1.8 - 3.3 volt supply

              the control circuitry (basically a mini CPU)

              the flash array
              all these elements are "flat", that is they are one structure deep. This new tech coming up, if someone can perfect it, uses multiple layers to make the flash array several layers deep. Thus you could (in theory) shrink your die size while increasing the memory density.
              -nB

              • Multi-layer devices. (Score:4, Interesting)

                by Christopher Thomas (11717) on Monday August 16 2004, @01:28PM (#9983103)
                all these elements are "flat", that is they are one structure deep. This new tech coming up, if someone can perfect it, uses multiple layers to make the flash array several layers deep. Thus you could (in theory) shrink your die size while increasing the memory density.

                This turns out not to help much. Multi-layer chips add mask steps roughly in proportion to the number of layers. While you save on the cost of wafer area, your processing steps cost a lot of money too, so you rapidly reach a point of diminishing returns. Building multi-layer devices also requires making transistors on epitaxial silicon layers, which generally have far worse performance properties than the monocrystalline wafer (even SOI processes generally work by building devices on a silicon wafer, and either flipping the chip and back-etching or using a buried oxide layer, as opposed to depositing a silicon film).

                3D chips have been a holy grail for density reasons for decades, but they turn out to be expensive to manufacture and poorly-performing for the reasons noted above, and for microprocessors, at least, they're now a pretty much obsolete solution, as heat generation is what limits chip performance (and a multi-layer chip gives you that much more heat generation per unit area).

                If your company can pull it off in a useful way for storage, they'll deserve kudos, of course.
    • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Insightful)

      by bstone (145356) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:00AM (#9979889)
      I thought the problem with flash was a limited number of write cycles (10,000-100,000?). With this thing rated at up to 25,000 IOPS, is would seem that they might not last all that long (4 seconds?). I don't see any indication of some breakthrough in flash memory itself.

      Also, what's so different from this and just using a standard CF card? You can get 1GB of CF for under $150. It should be fairly simple to put together a "CF-raid" drive for way less than $1K/GB.
          • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Informative)

            by JesseL (107722) on Monday August 16 2004, @11:31AM (#9981654) Homepage Journal
            What do you think "wear leveling" means? On newer CF cards they have an internal microprocessor that constantly remaps the logical addresses of the drive to different physical addresses of the drive to make certain that the entire device is being utilized evenly. So even though the OS thinks it's writing the FAT to that same spot on the drive, the drive is really moving that spot around to maximize the life of the drive.
    • Re:Not that new. (Score:5, Informative)

      by jtshaw (398319) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:09AM (#9979974) Homepage
      Your right, these aren't new. A company I worked for used them on computers that were controlling a train a few years back.

      One thing worth noting.... flash parts don't last forever. If you write to the disk constantly it will die in a lot less time then the average standard magnetic hard drive.

      However, reading doesn't inflict the wear so feel free to read all you want from your flash part...
  • by Anonymous Coward on Monday August 16 2004, @08:53AM (#9979805)
    Because I'm pretty sure most of us were aware of high cost flash media disks.
  • Quality? (Score:3, Interesting)

    by nial-in-a-box (588883) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:54AM (#9979813) Homepage
    I wonder how long you can beat at a device like this in a server environment before it croaks. I'd give it no more than a year life expectancy, but hey, I'm feeling pessimistic.
        • Re:Quality? (Score:5, Informative)

          by AdamHaun (43173) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:45AM (#9980377)
          Flash uses a so-called "floating gate" to hold charge. The floating gate sits between the control gate and the source/drain/body of the transistor. When electrons are stored on the floating gate, the transistor is prevented from turning on, producing a zero. When there's no charge, the transistor turns on normally, producing a one.
  • End User upgradable (Score:4, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Monday August 16 2004, @08:54AM (#9979814)
    I need an EE to build an ata interface to a raid series of about 100 flash either (SD or compact). Now allow the end user to plug in how many cards he wishes and just use them. Imaging that if you have a raid 5 setup of say 128 256mb cards costing about $40 each would cost about $5000 1/6th of the $30k and it is end user upgraded and so cool to be able to ad more storage instead of rebuilding a whole computer and drive.
  • Life time? (Score:3, Insightful)

    by otisg (92803) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:54AM (#9979816) Homepage Journal
    I thought Flash memory suffered from a limited/short life time, that you could read/write to it only so many times, after which you can pretty much say bye-bye to your memory. How are these disks going to work then?
    • Re:Life time? (Score:5, Informative)

      by MadRocketScientist (792254) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:14AM (#9980028)
      I dug a bit and found this in the manufacturer's FAQs:

      QUESTION: What is the lifespan of the E-Disk® flash drive if wear-leveling algorithm is not utilized? How much improvement will BiTMICRO's wear-leveling algorithms make to this number?

      ANSWER:
      The wear-out life of an E-Disk® flash drive is directly proportional to the number of flash memory physical blocks in the device. The greater the number of flash memory blocks in the flash drive (and therefore total capacity), the longer the wear-out life of the device. As an example, arithmetic computation will show that a 34GB E-Disk flash drive fitted with flash chips rated at an endurance limit of 1 million erase/write cycles will have an endurance life of 1,024,000,000 seconds (or 32.47 years) when written continuously at 34MB/sec (or 2,937.6GB Erase/Write per day). This is the worst possible scenario where all I/O is 100% write and caching is disabled. E-Disk erase/write endurance can be more than 15 times the computed value if the multiplier effects of full associative caching and the results of BiTMICRO's accelerated erase/write endurance verification and testing are included.
        • Re:Life time? (Score:5, Informative)

          by bpowell423 (208542) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:42AM (#9980335)
          According to their web site, their "Patented Wear Leveling" algorithms attempt to spread write operations over the disk. My guess if you have a frequently written file/record/whatever is that it doesn't write it to the same place each time. It also looks like they have a "Flash Wear-Out Monitor" to warn you when the device has exceeded 95% of it's MTBF rating, though they say that the device may last beyond the rating. Also, looks like their "Automatic Bad Block Remapping" moves data to spare blocks if a block fails. So, yeah, like you said, they work around the dead bits remapping them to a new area, as well as constantly spreading write cycles across the device. Looks like they've really thought this through. Of course, so long as the price exceeds that of spinning platters, it'll be a niche product.

          As far as "Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT" goes, I guess that means that there will be other/better/different choices than spinning platters, but they'll still be more expensive and spinning platters will still be the norm. Looking forward to the status quo, I guess!
  • Yet again (Score:4, Insightful)

    by gottschalk (100576) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:54AM (#9979820)
    SSD (Solid State Disk) has been around for over 30 years. Every so often it is billed as the "spinning-rust"-killer which has yet to be borne out. It's a great idea but so far rotating media has managed to improve enough to make SSD uneconomical.
  • Limited lifetime? (Score:5, Informative)

    by Tet (2721) * <slashdot AT astradyne DOT co DOT uk> on Monday August 16 2004, @08:54AM (#9979824) Homepage Journal
    The problem with this is the lifetime of flash memory. Typical flash memory is only guaranteed for around 10,000 erase/rewrite cycles. A normal desktop machine with a standard filesystem will reach that very quickly. In order to ensure you reach even that low target, you'd need to use a wear levelling filesystem, which is somewhat less efficient than a convention filesystem, and that goes some way towards reducing the speed benefits you get from flash devices, and the shorter lifespan rules them out for many uses. Don't get me wrong, flash based drives like this certainly have their place, but (at least for now), they're not ready to replace conventional hard drives for mainstream use.

    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT

    As an aside, my CRT is still firmly wedded to my desktop, and won't budge until flat screen technology has caught up. It's come a long way, and may be good enough for less demanding applications, but it's got a way to go before I have a flat screen on my desk...

  • by Anonymous Coward on Monday August 16 2004, @08:56AM (#9979831)
    ...to store data by etching bits with a stylus into Faberge Eggs.
  • Floppies are dead? (Score:5, Insightful)

    by smooth wombat (796938) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:56AM (#9979832) Homepage Journal
    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT."

    Are we done yet with the whole 'floppies are dead' stories? I regularly use floppies because it's easier to plop in a floppy, copy one file and pop out the floppy than it is to put in a USB drive, wait for your pc to recognize it (don't know about Macs), copy the file then have to correctly disconnect the USB drive

    What about those machines which don't have USB drives or who aren't on a network? What then? Floppies will be around much longer than anyone thinks and for good reason.

    • by Anonymous Coward
      What about those machines which don't have USB drives or who aren't on a network? What then? Floppies will be around much longer than anyone thinks and for good reason.

      What about those machines which don't have floppies?

      Seriously, I haven't put a floppy into a machine in the last 6 years. They're totally unnecessary nowadays. They're about useless for transporting documents for the simple reason that the majority of useful documents exceed the size of the floppy nowadays.

      And USB drives are much cooler t
    • by SlashdotMeNow (799901) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:48AM (#9980433)
      What about those machines which don't have USB drives or who aren't on a network?

      What country do you live in? Machines without USB? Not on a network??? You're not making any sense here man! I have something hectic to tell you: The year is not 1994. It's actually 2004. Yes, you've been in a coma for 10 years.
    • by Kombat (93720) <kombat@kombat.org> on Monday August 16 2004, @10:21AM (#9980875) Homepage
      I regularly use floppies because it's easier to plop in a floppy, copy one file and pop out the floppy than it is to put in a USB drive, wait for your pc to recognize it (don't know about Macs), copy the file then have to correctly disconnect the USB drive

      1. Time It takes my WinXP Pro laptop about 5 seconds to recognize the USB drive and allow me to explore its contents. Likewise, "Safely removing the hardware" takes 5 seconds, tops. So we're talking 10 seconds total for mounting/unmounting. Floppies take at least 2 seconds to be recognized, though granted dismounting is instantaneous. Advantage: floppy, by 8 seconds.

      However, there is another huge issue I think you are neglecting:

      2. Size While that floppy might be 8 seconds faster, I hope whatever you're planning on transporting is less than 1.44 MB. Nowadays, there is very little I transport that would fit on such an incredibly small storage medium. A 256 MB USB key can hold as much data as 178 floppy disks, and fits on my keychain.

      Finally, a caveat regarding your "time" complaints about USB: it takes much longer to write 1.44 MB to a floppy disk than it does to write that same 1.44 MB to a USB drive. So your 8 second mounting/unmounting delta is rendered utterly moot.
  • Funny (Score:5, Funny)

    by drix (4602) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:56AM (#9979838) Homepage
    And here I thought you had to pay to run an ad on Slashdot...
  • by handy_vandal (606174) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:57AM (#9979852) Homepage Journal
    The slowest part of PC's today is the disk drive.

    No, the slowest part of PC's today is the user interface. The rate at which a user enters data (via keyboard/mouse) is a fraction of the rate at which a user thinks. (Your mileage may vary, of course.)

    -kgj
  • by julesh (229690) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:58AM (#9979859)
    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT.

    You mean it'll still be the default option on most new PCs and in use by ~90% of PC users?
  • by A nonymous Coward (7548) * on Monday August 16 2004, @08:58AM (#9979860)
    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT

    For how many decades now has this been predicted? Holographic memory, battery backed RAM, yada yada yada. Methinks rotating storage will be around for more than the rest of the decade.
  • by Anonymous Coward on Monday August 16 2004, @08:58AM (#9979862)

    100,000 writes isn't gonna last long in todays bandwidth intensive video/mp3 world

    no moving parts and non-magnetic media is a worthy goal but until we can cure terrible storage lifetimes they wont be much use if i have to worry about the mess backups of backups, as we know from sci-fi all it takes is a big EM burst from the sun and everything you and i have done is gone !
    future generations will look back at us and say "they used to store it on WHAT !?"
  • by Viol8 (599362) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:58AM (#9979863)
    The reason hard disks etc are seperate devices is because they have mechanical parts that require motors etc to work. If this is going to be replaced by memory chips then why not just integrate the whole lot on the motherboard as just another plug in memory module? Why make it slower by passing it through SCSI or ATA not to mention the extra cost of including the interface electronics?
  • RAMdisk solution (Score:4, Interesting)

    by eyepeepackets (33477) on Monday August 16 2004, @08:59AM (#9979867)
    I've always found the best way to deal with the problem of slow disks is to max out the memory in the PC and use a hefty chunk of it as a RAM disk. When done or needing to backup, tarball the whole disk, write it once to the hard drive.

    Of course, this assumes you're working on a stable OS with decent tools and good memory management. If you're not, you can be. :)
  • by jesup (8690) * <randellslashdot.jesup@org> on Monday August 16 2004, @08:59AM (#9979880) Homepage
    This "disk drives will be obsolete" assumes that disk drive prices are flat. Drive prices are one of the few things that has (if anything) beaten Moore's Law. Eventually they'll probably flatten out - but not yet. The "death knell of rotating media" has been sounded more times than I can remember. Anyone remember the front-page stories that by late 80's bubble memory would have replaced hard disks? :-)
  • by spiff42 (718678) <{kd.knilmys} {ta} {ds}> on Monday August 16 2004, @09:00AM (#9979894) Homepage
    I wonder if they have solved the problems with a limited number of writes to flash memory. Most flash-chips only have a 1000 or 10000 cycle write endurance. Sometimes this gets higher because virtual pages are used and the data shuffeled arround on the "disk" each time it is written. But that will still cause problems if you fill up the disk, say 90%, and then keep writing and rewriting the remaining 10%.

    I know that 10000 writes seems like a lot, and perhaps it is. Anyone knows how this figure looks for normal harddrives?

    Still it seems to me that the limited number of writes sets the biggest limitation.

    /spiff

  • floppy (Score:3, Interesting)

    by spectrokid (660550) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:00AM (#9979895) Homepage
    I did an embedded application with a flash disk which emulated a floppy. In the autoexec: create RAM disk, copy whole sheboodle, run from ramdisk. Without this the device only lasted 2 years. Can't see you do that with XP on a 10 gig drive though... I guess it would be good for a non-dynamic server. Host all the Slashdot logo's on one?
  • How reliable? (Score:3, Informative)

    by JBMcB (73720) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:02AM (#9979913)
    Flash devices only have a read/write cycle of a few hundred thousand. Sounds like a lot, until you realize that the file table gets written to at least that much within a year of use. I'd go for a battery-backed SDRAM array, say PC-133-ECC. Pricewatch has 1GB sticks for $160. That's 10GB of ultra-high speed storage for $1600. Add a couple hundred for a memory and SCSI controller, a few batteries, and you're golden.
  • by dmccarty (152630) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:07AM (#9979954)
    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may go the way of the floppy and CRT.

    Within the decade the spinning hard disk may be capable of holding terabytes, or even petabytes, on a single platter. And it will be orders of magnitude cheaper than solid state storage as we know it. I doubt that hard drives will go the way of the dodo anytime soon.

    Just as a comparison, look at how many backup solutions still use tape media (and use it very effectively and cheaply, I might add).

  • by reallocate (142797) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:07AM (#9979956)
    ...printer.

    Technically, a printer is a peripheral, not a part. Whatever. All printers are evil: Too slow, too big, too expensive, too quirky. Ackk.
  • by NeoFunk (654048) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:08AM (#9979964) Homepage
    Sure, hard drives are slow, but that's not my main problem with them. They *are* a bottleneck, but since most applications get the hard disk access "out of the way" at the very beginning and load everything they need into RAM, I could deal with slow hard drive technology for the rest of the forseeable future, if only...

    ... they were reliable. Hard drives are the only PC components that have ever died on me. Actually, that's not quite true - I had a CD-rom die once, and a few fans here and there; what do all these have in common? Mechanical parts. And when it comes down to it, what do most users value most in their computers? The files on their hard drives. Spinning death traps is what they are. Spinning, clicking, grinding death traps.

    I don't know much about flash memory technology or the reliability associated with it. I don't give a hoot how fast it is. If it's solid state (no moving parts) and can guarantee me it won't one day decide to utterly destroy itself, I'm sold.
  • Where flash is going (Score:5, Informative)

    by bigberk (547360) <bigberk@users.pc9.org> on Monday August 16 2004, @09:11AM (#9979994)
    First of all, the technology used in a product like this is not radically different from existing flash solutions. The big problems are cost and limited use -- flash memory (transistors with high voltage-forced states) can only be toggled a limited number of times. So there is a limited number of write cycles for the faster types of non-volatile solid state memories.

    That problem can be reduced by padding devices with large amounts of RAM (write caching). But the breakthrough is coming soon, with new flash technologies that are better designed for continual writes (without compromising speed). From what I've read in IEEE Spectrum, the better technologies suited for mass storage are in research labs right now, meaning maybe 5 or 10 years til market.
  • SSD is an old idea (Score:5, Interesting)

    by UnderAttack (311872) * on Monday August 16 2004, @09:18AM (#9980073) Homepage
    Old enough, so the first 'generation' of SSD companies is already out of business. E.g. Platypus (I think that was the name) build RAM based solid state drives, some of them in the right shape and with appropriate disk interfaces to match existing disk drives.

    I looked into SSD for a database at one point. But I found that you can get almost the same performance by using lots of drives in a fast RAID setup. Striping the content over multiple disks does wonders! And its much cheaper.

    E.g. look at something like a 12 disk setup with RAID 5+1. You got a full mirror, and essentialy 4-8 times the speed of a single drive. So you are already close to the 'order of magnitude' they SSD drives claim.

  • by nbert (785663) on Monday August 16 2004, @09:34AM (#9980234) Homepage Journal
    take a look at this raid 0 floppy setup: http://ohlssonvox.8k.com/fdd_raid.htm [8k.com]

    yes, I know that it would cost more and we would still have moving parts. It's also slower.
    But just imagine a room with ~21300 FDD (30 gigs) stacked to the ceiling blinking and spinning like mad.

  • by ZipR (584654) on Monday August 16 2004, @10:17AM (#9980824)
    Maybe that's why Activision won't sell me a version of Doom 3 on 1,300 floppies. Why didn't anyone tell me this before?
  • MRAM disks, anyone? (Score:5, Informative)

    by ^Z (86325) on Monday August 16 2004, @10:22AM (#9980894) Homepage Journal
    Probably, a better HD-replacement solution would be based on MRAM [wikipedia.org], which is being steadily developed and is going to become available quite soon [freescale.com] (the article linked mentions late 2004).